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Boeing X-51

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X-51
Artist's concept of X-51A during flight
Role Robotic flight demonstrator
Manufacturer Boeing
First flight 26 May 2010
Status Flight testing
Primary user United States Air Force
Number built 4[1]

The Boeing X-51 (also known as X-51 WaveRider) is an unmanned scramjet demonstration aircraft for hypersonic (Mach 6, approximately 4,000 miles per hour (6,400 km/h) at altitude) flight testing. It completed its first powered hypersonic flight on 26 May 2010. After two unsuccessful test flights, the X-51 completed a flight of 300 seconds and reached speeds of over Mach 5 on 1 May 2013 for the longest duration hypersonic flight.

The X-51 is named "WaveRider" because it uses its shock waves to add lift. The program is run as a cooperative effort of the United States Air Force, DARPA, NASA, Boeing, and Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne. The program is managed by the Aerospace Systems Directorate within the United States Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL).[2][3] X-51 technology will be used in the High Speed Strike Weapon (HSSW), a Mach 5+ missile planned to enter service in the mid-2020s.

Design and development[]

In the 1990s, the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) began the HyTECH program for hypersonic propulsion. Pratt & Whitney received a contract from the AFRL to develop a hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet engine which led to the development of the SJX61 engine. The SJX61 engine was originally meant for the NASA X-43C, which was eventually canceled. The engine was applied to the AFRL's Scramjet Engine Demonstrator program in late 2003.[4] The scramjet flight test vehicle was designated X-51 on 27 September 2005.[5]

X-51A under the wing of a B-52 at Edwards Air Force Base, July 2009

In flight demonstrations, the X-51 is carried by a B-52 to an altitude of about 50,000 feet (15 km; 9.5 mi) and then released over the Pacific Ocean.[6] The X-51 is initially propelled by an MGM-140 ATACMS solid rocket booster to approximately Mach 4.5. The booster is then jettisoned and the vehicle's Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne SJY61 scramjet accelerates it to a top flight speed near Mach 6.[7][8] The X-51 uses JP-7 fuel for the SJY61 scramjet, carrying some 270 lb (120 kg) on board.[9]

DARPA once viewed X-51 as a stepping stone to Blackswift,[10] a planned hypersonic demonstrator which was canceled in October 2008.[11] In May 2013, the U.S. Air Force plans have X-51 technology applied to the High Speed Strike Weapon (HSSW), a missile of similar in size to the X-51. The HSSW could fly in 2020 and enter service in the mid-2020s. It is envisioned to have a range of 500-600 nmi, fly at Mach 5-6, and fit on an F-35 or in the internal bay of a B-2 bomber.[12]

Testing[]

SJX61-2 engine successfully completes ground tests simulating Mach 5 flight conditions.

Ground tests of the X-51A began in late 2006. A preliminary version of the X-51, the "Ground Demonstrator Engine No. 2", completed wind tunnel tests at the NASA Langley Research Center on 27 July 2006.[13] Testing continued there until a simulated X-51 flight at Mach 5 was successfully completed on 30 April 2007.[14][15] The testing is intended to observe acceleration between Mach 4 and Mach 6 and to demonstrate that hypersonic thrust "isn't just luck".[16][17] Four test flights were initially planned for 2009, but the first captive flight of the X-51A on a B-52 was not conducted until 9 December 2009,[18][19] with further captive flights in early 2010.[20][21]

Powered flight tests[]

The first powered flight of the X-51 was planned for 25 May 2010, but the presence of a cargo ship traveling through a portion of the Naval Air Station Point Mugu Sea Range caused a 24 hour postponement.[22] The X-51 completed its first powered flight successfully on 26 May 2010. It reached a speed of Mach 5, an altitude of 70,000 feet (21,000 m) and flew for over 200 seconds; it did not meet the planned 300 second flight duration, however.[23][24] The test had the longest hypersonic flight time of 140 seconds while under its scramjet power.[24] The X-43 had the previous longest flight burn time of 12 seconds,[24][25][26] while setting a new speed record of Mach 9.8 (12,144 km/h, 7,546 mph).

Three more test flights were planned and will use the same flight trajectory.[26] Boeing proposed to the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) that two test flights be added to increase the total to six, with flights taking place at four to six week intervals, provided there are no failures.[27]

The second test flight was initially scheduled for 24 March 2011,[28] but was not conducted due to unfavorable test conditions.[29] The flight took place on 13 June 2011. However, the flight over the Pacific Ocean ended early due to an inlet unstart event after being boosted to Mach 5 speed. The flight data from the test was being investigated.[30] A B-52 released the X-51 at an approximate altitude of 50,000 feet. The X-51’s scramjet engine lit on ethylene, but did not properly transition to JP-7 fuel operation.[31]

The third test flight took place on 14 August 2012.[32] The X-51 was to make a 300 second (5 minutes) experimental flight at speeds of Mach 5, more than 3,600 mph.[33] After separating from its rocket booster, the craft lost control and crashed into the Pacific.[34] The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) determined the problem was the X-51's upper right aerodynamic fin unlocked during flight and became uncontrollable; all four fins are needed for aerodynamic control. The aircraft lost control before the scramjet engine could ignite.[35][36]

On 1 May 2013, the X-51 performed its first fully successful flight test on its fourth test flight. The X-51 and booster detached from a B-52H and was powered to Mach 4.8 (3,200 mph; 5,100 km/h) by a booster rocket. It then separated cleanly from the booster and ignited its own engine. The test aircraft then accelerated to Mach 5.1 (3,400 mph; 5,400 km/h) and flew for 240 seconds until running out of fuel and plunging into the Pacific Ocean off Point Mugu; this test was the longest air-breathing hypersonic flight. Researchers collected flight telemetry data for 370 seconds. The test signified the completion of the program.[37][38][39] The Air Force Research Laboratory believes the successful flight will serve as research for practical applications of hypersonic flight, such as a missile, reconnaissance, transport, and air-breathing first stage for a space system.[40]

Specifications[]

Data from Boeing,[41] Air Force[9]

General characteristics

  • Crew: None
  • Length: 25 ft in (7.62 m)
  • Empty weight: 4,000 lb (1,814 kg)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: >3,900 mph (>6,200 km/h)
  • Maximum speed: Mach >5.1
  • Range: 460 miles (740 km)
  • Service ceiling: 70,000 ft (21,300 m)

See also[]

  • Boeing Small Launch Vehicle concept, includes a hypersonic wave rider as the second stage
  • Flight airspeed record
  • Scramjet programs
Related development

References[]

  1. ↑ "X-51A flight ends prematurely". US Air Force, 16 August 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.[dead link]
  2. ↑ "Successful Design Review and Engine Test Bring Boeing X-51A Closer to Flight". Boeing. 1 June 2007. http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2007/q2/070601a_nr.html. 
  3. ↑ "New AFRL Aerospace Systems Directorate takes shape". USAF. 27 June 2012. http://www.wpafb.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123307634. 
  4. ↑ Warwick, Graham. "X-51A to demonstrate first practical scramjet". Flight International, 20 July 2007.
  5. ↑ "Propulsion Directorate Monthly Accomplishment Report" (PDF). Air Force. September 2005. http://www.pr.afrl.af.mil/mar/2005/sep2005.pdf. .[dead link]
  6. ↑ "WaveRider makes first flight". Air Force Times. 21 December 2009. http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2009/12/airforce_waverider_122109w/. Retrieved 22 December 2009. 
  7. ↑ "Successful Design Review and Engine Test Bring Boeing X-51A Closer to Flight". Boeing, 1 June 2007. Retrieved: 28 July 2008.
  8. ↑ "X-51A Waverider flight planned for May 25". US Air Force, 20 May 2010. Retrieved: 20 May 2010.[dead link]
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Factsheets: X-51A Waverider". U.S. Air Force. 3 May 2013. http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=17986. Retrieved 5 May 2013. [dead link]
  10. ↑ Berger, Brian."NASA Helping U.S. Air Force Gear Up for 2009 X-51 Flights". Space.com, 8 September 2008.
  11. ↑ Trimble, Stephen. "DARPA cancels Blackswift hypersonic test bed". Flight global, 13 October 2008.
  12. ↑ Norris, Guy (20 May 2013). "High-Speed Strike Weapon To Build On X-51 Flight". Aviation Week & Space Technology. http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_05_20_2013_p24-579062.xml. 
  13. ↑ "Completes Mach 5 Testing Of Hypersonic Propulsion System". Space daily. http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/PWR_Completes_Mach_5_Testing_Of_Hypersonic_Propulsion_System_999.html. Retrieved 28 July 2008. 
  14. ↑ "Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne's Revolutionary Scramjet Engine Successfully Powers First X-51A Simulated Flight". Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne, 30 April 2007.
  15. ↑ "AIAA HyTASP Program Committee Inaugural Newsletter". AIAA, April 2008.
  16. ↑ Coppinger, Rob. "Hypersonic X-51A gets December launch date". Flight Global, 6 August 2009. Retrieved: 29 April 2010.
  17. ↑ "Hypersonic Test Flight On Track". Aviation Week, 5 August 2009.[dead link]
  18. ↑ "X-51A WaveRider gets first ride aboard B-52". Edwards AFB News, 11 December 2009.
  19. ↑ "X-51A WaveRider Gets First Ride Aboard B-52". Space travel. 18 December 2009. http://www.space-travel.com/reports/X_51A_WaveRider_Gets_First_Ride_Aboard_B_52_999.html. 
  20. ↑ "X-51 getting ready for first flight". USAF Edwards AFB News, 4 March 2010.
  21. ↑ "X-51A flight planned May 25". US Air Force, 20 May 2010.
  22. ↑ "Shipping traffic delays X-51A launch". USAF. 26 May 2010. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. http://archive.is/uTy4. [dead link]
  23. ↑ Warwick, Graham. "First X-51A Hypersonic Flight Deemed Success".[dead link] Aviation Week, 26 May 2010.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Croft, John (27 May 2010). "X-51A Waverider reaches Mach 5 in 140s scramjet flight". Flight global. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-342468/. 
  25. ↑ "Boeing X-51A WaveRider Breaks Record in 1st Flight". Boeing, 26 May 2010.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "X-51 Waverider makes historic hypersonic flight". US Air Force, 26 May 2010.
  27. ↑ Trimble, Stephen (31 March 2009). "X-51A flight may lead to B version". p. 9. 
  28. ↑ Hennigan, W. J., "Retest Is Set For Hypersonic Craft", Los Angeles Times, 24 March 2011, p. B2.
  29. ↑ Croft, John. "Air Force launches mission, opts not to drop X-51A". Flight International, 25 March 2011.
  30. ↑ "Second X-51 hypersonic flight ends prematurely". Flight International. Flight global. 15 June 2011. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/06/15/358056/second-x-51-hypersonic-flight-ends-prematurely.html. 
  31. ↑ Mehuron, Tamar A (August 2011). "Air Force World, Second X-51 Test Cut Short". Air Force Association. p. 17. http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2011/August%202011/0811world.aspx. Retrieved 4 August 2011. 
  32. ↑ Shachtman, Noah (August 2012). "It's do or die for Mach 5 Missile". Wired. http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2012/08/mach-5-missile/#more-89143. Retrieved 14 August 2012. 
  33. ↑ "Hypersonic plane fly New York–Los Angeles in an hour". NY daily news. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/hypersonic-plane-fly-new-york-los-angeles-hour-article-1.1135917. 
  34. ↑ Weinberger, Sharon (15 August 2012). "X-51 Waverider: Hypersonic jet ambitions fall short". BBC. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120815-hypersonic-ambitions-fall-short. Retrieved 15 August 2012. 
  35. ↑ Majumdar, Dave (15 August 2012). "X-51A Waverider test flight ends in failure". Flight International. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/x-51a-waverider-test-flight-ends-in-failure-375529/. Retrieved 15 August 2012. 
  36. ↑ "August failure of Boeing X-51 likely due to fin, resonance". Flightglobal.com, 25 October 2012.
  37. ↑ "Hypersonic X-51 programme ends in success". Flight International, 3 May 2013.
  38. ↑ "X-51A Waverider Achieves Hypersonic Goal On Final Flight". Aviation Week, 2 May 2013.
  39. ↑ "WaveRider Goes Hypersonic". Aviation History, September 2013, p. 12.
  40. ↑ "High-Speed Strike Weapon To Build On X-51 Flight". Aviation Week, 20 May 2013.
  41. ↑ "X-51A Waverider Backgrounder". Boeing, September 2012.

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