Bergmann Offensive

Bergmann Offensive
	File:Ofensiva Bergman.png
Date	2 November 1914 - 16 November 1914
Location	Erzurum Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
Result	Decisive Ottoman victory[citation needed]
Belligerents
Ottoman Empire	Russian Empire
Commanders and leaders
Hasan Izzet Pasha	Georgy Bergmann
Strength
118,000	100,000
Casualties and losses
14,000 total	40,000 total

The Bergmann Offensive (Turkish language: Bergmann Atağı; Russian: Берхманнский прорыв; in Russian literature Russian: Кёприкейская операция, "Köprüköy operation") was the first engagement of the Caucasus Campaign during World War I. General Georgy Bergmann, commander of I Caucasian Army Corps, took the initiative against the Ottoman Empire.^[1] Contact between the armias began on 6 November.^[1]

On 15 November, Bergmann's troops crossed the border in the general direction of Köprüköy. On the right flank, a brigade under Istomin moved from Oltu in the direction of İd.^[1] On the left flank a Cossack division under Baratov moved into the Eleşkirt valley towards Yuzveran, after it crossed the Aras River.^[1] In response the Ottoman 3rd Army went on a general counter-offensive.^[1] As a result Russian forces were threatened by an enveloping movement on both sides. Only quick arrival of Russian reinforcements saved the situation. The fighting finally died away on 29 November.^[1] Russian losses were up to 40% and their morale was shaken. Meanwhile, Turkish morale was high. The success during this first engagement encouraged Enver Pasha in his plan to attack at Sarıkamış.^[1]^[2]

References[]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). The Campaign in Armenia. Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I, vol ii. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. pp. 500. ISBN 0-86307-181-3.
↑ Zayonchkovskiy, A. M. (2000) (in Russian). Первая мировая война (Pervaya mirovaya voyna) [World War I]. Saint-Petersburg: Poligon. pp. 878. ISBN 5-89173-082-0.

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[caven-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). The Campaign in Armenia. Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I, vol ii. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. pp. 500. ISBN 0-86307-181-3.

[Zayonchkovskiy-2] Zayonchkovskiy, A. M. (2000) (in Russian). Первая мировая война (Pervaya mirovaya voyna) [World War I]. Saint-Petersburg: Poligon. pp. 878. ISBN 5-89173-082-0.

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