The Battle of Klissow took place on July 8 (Julian calendar) / July 9 (Swedish calendar) / July 19, 1702 (Gregorian calendar) near Kliszów, Poland-Lithuania, during the Great Northern War.[4] The numerically superior Polish-Saxon army of August II the Strong, operating from an advantageous defensive position, was defeated by a Swedish army half its size under the command of king Charles XII.[5]
Prelude[]
August the Strong, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, had in 1699 planned a three-fold attack on the Swedish Empire together with Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia and Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway.[6] The plan failed when Frederik was forced out of the war in 1700, after the Swedish landing on Humlebæk.[7] Charles XII of Sweden in the same year, defeated the Russian army in the battle of Narva.[8] After Narva, Charles XII evicted August the Strong's forces from Swedish Livonia through the battle of Düna and pursued him into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.[9]
At Kliszów, south of Kielce, the Swedish and Saxon-Polish-Lithuanian armies encamped some 5 miles (8.0 km) apart. The camps were separated by a large wood and a swamp, with the Swedes north of the woods, Augustus the Strong's camp was naturally secured by a narrow stretch of swamp to the north and the swampy valley of the Nida river to the east. At 9:00 am, Charles XII moved his army through the woods on the morning of 19 July (NS) and at 11:00 am arrived north of the swampy stretch securing August's camp. The army consisted of 8,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry and four guns — the bulk of the artillery was stuck in the forest. August's army consisted of 7,500 Saxon infantry, 9,000 Saxon cavalry, 660 Polish infantry, 6,640 Polish cavalry (including 1,240 hussars), and 46 guns.[3][10]
The battle[]
Initial phase of the battle
Ending phase of the battle
The Swedish right wing was under the command of Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld, the middle-first line under Hans Henrik von Liewen and the second under Knut Göransson Posse, the left wing was commanded by Otto Vellingk. The Saxon left wing and center was under the command of Adam Heinrich von Steinau respective Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg, the right (cavalry) wing was commanded by Jacob Heinrich von Flemming. The Polish cavalry was on the right wing and commanded by Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski.[1]
Charles XII's strategy was to rout the Saxe-Polish forces in an 'envelope' maneuvre and re-position his forces to strengthen his flanks. The Swedes took the initiative at two o'clock in the afternoon and launched an assault on Lubomirski's Polish flank, however, the commander of the assault, Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp was early killed and the advance halted. The Polish army then launched two subsequent counter-attacks but were beaten back by the Swedish infantry, as were a Saxon assault over the marsh under Jacob Heinrich von Flemming. Lubomirski and Flemming then withdrew and thus left the Saxon middle-right flank unprotected. Lubomirski was pursuited by Swedish cavalry all the way to the village of Kije.[1][11]
During this time, Swedish right flank under Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld was attacked by Saxon general Adam Heinrich von Steinau who tried to cut-off Rehnskiöld's connections with the Swedish bulk. A fierce fighting took place between '21 Swedish squadrons of cavalry with about 2,100 men', against '34 Saxon squadrons with no less than 4,250 men'. The Swedes, as in usual manners, attacked with cold steel and managed to repel the Saxon attack.[11]
After the Swedish forces had withstood the Polish and Saxon charges, Charles XII concentrated the main bulk of his army at the left flank where the Poles previously stood, and advanced into the Saxon camp within half an hour. At two o'clock in the afternoon he engaged Augustus the Strong's infantry and managed to evict them into the surrounding swamps.[1] He then took control over the Saxon artillery and used it for his own benefits.[11]
The Swedes now attempted to encircle the Saxons by taking the crossing of the Nida. General Schulenburg, whose infantry in the center had scarcely been attacked, now committed himself to a fierce defense of the crossing, allowing the majority of Saxon units to withdraw, and at five o'clock the battle was over.[11]
During the battle, Charles XII's brother-in-law Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp was killed by artillery fire. Another 1,100 Swedes fell, as did 2,000 Saxons and Poles.[1] 1,700 Saxons were taken prisoners by the Swedes of which 1,100 was not wounded.[2]
Consequences[]
Charles had won the battle, but Schulenburg's actions had saved the Saxon army from destruction. The Swedes had captured the Saxon artillery, war chest and King August's entire baggage as well as 60 standards and banners. On July 31 Charles and his army marched into Kraków. August withdrew with his army to Sandomierz.[11]
Sources[]
References[]
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 Frost (2000), p.272
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Ericson (2003), p.268–273
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Wagner, Marek. Kliszow 1702. Warsaw, 1994.
- ↑ Frost (2000), p.271
- ↑ Frost (2000), p.273
- ↑ Frost (2000), p.228
- ↑ Frost (2000) p.229
- ↑ Frost (2000), p.230
- ↑ Frost (2000), pp.229ff, 263ff
- ↑ Frost (2000), pp.271-272
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Larsson (2009), p.140.
Bibliography[]
- Frost, Robert I (2000). The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721. Harlow: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.
- Ericson, Lars (2003). Svenska Slagfält. Wahlström & Widstrand. p. 268–273
- Larsson, Olle (2009). Stormaktens sista krig. Lund, Historiska Media. p. 140
- http://www.wfgamers.org.uk/resources/C18/klezow.htm Orders of Battle
Coordinates: 50°37′0″N 20°31′33″E / 50.616667°N 20.52583°E
The original article can be found at Battle of Klissow and the edit history here.