| Russo–Turkish War of 1735–1739 Austro–Turkish War of 1737–1739 | |||||||
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Russo–Turkish War of 1735–1739, a war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, caused by the Ottoman Empire's war with Persia and continuing raids by the Crimean Tatars.[1] The war also represented Russia's continuing struggle for the access to the Black Sea.
Russian diplomacy before the war[]
By the outbreak of the Russo–Turkish war, Russia had managed to secure a favorable international situation by signing treaties with Persia in 1732–1735 (which was at war with Turkey in 1730–1736) and supporting the accession to the Polish throne of Augustus III in 1735 instead of the French protégé Stanislaw I Leszczynski, nominated by pro-Turkish France. Austria had been Russia's ally since 1726.
The course of the war in 1735–1738[]
The casus belli were the raids of the Crimean Tatars on Cossack Hetmanate (Ukraine) in the end of 1735 and the Crimean khan's military campaign in the Caucasus. In 1736, the Russian commanders envisioned the seizure of Azov and the Crimea.
In 1735, on the eve of the war, the Russians made peace with Persia, giving back all the territory conquered during the Russo–Persian War.[2]
On May 20, 1736, the Russian Dnieper Army (62,000 men) under the command of Field Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Munnich took by storm the Turkish fortifications at Perekop and occupied Bakhchisaray on June 17.[3] However, lack of supplies coupled with the outbreak of an epidemic forced Münnich to retreat to Ukraine. On June 19, the Russian Don Army (28,000 men) under the command of General Peter Lacy with the support from the Don Flotilla under the command of Vice Admiral Peter Bredahl seized the fortress of Azov.[4] In July 1737, the Münnich's Army took by storm the Turkish fortress of Ochakov. The Lacy Army (already 40,000 men strong) marched into the Crimea the same month, inflicting a number of defeats on the Army of the Crimean Khan and capturing Karasubazar. However, Lacy and his troops had to leave the Crimea due to lack of supplies. The Crimean campaign of 1736 ended in Russian withdrawal into Ukraine, after an estimated 30,000 deaths, only 2,000 died in battle and the rest of hunger, famine and disease.[5]
In July 1737, Austria entered the war against Ottoman Empire, but was defeated a number of times, among others in the Battle of Banja Luka on August 4, 1737,[6] Battle of Grocka at 18, 21–22 July 1739,[7] and then lost Belgrade after an Ottoman siege from July 18 to September 1739. In August, Russia, Austria and Ottoman Empire began negotiations in Nemirov, which would turn out to be fruitless. There were no significant military operations in 1738. The Russian Army had to leave Ochakov and Kinburndisambiguation needed due to the plague outbreak.
The final stage of the war[]
In 1739, the Russian army, commanded by Field Marshal Münnich, crossed the Dnieper, defeated the Turks at Stavuchany and occupied the fortress of Khotin (August 19) and Iaşi. However, Austria was defeated by the Turks at Grocka and signed a separate treaty in Belgrade with the Ottoman Empire on August 21.[8] This, coupled with the imminent threat of the Swedish invasion, forced Russia to sign the Treaty of Niš with Turkey on September 29, which ended the war.[9]
Notes[]
- ↑ David R. Stone, A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006), 64.
- ↑ Treaty of Ganja (1735), Alexander Mikaberidze, Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 329.
- ↑ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 732.
- ↑ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, 732.
- ↑ Virginia H. Aksan, Ottoman Wars 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged, (2007), 103.
- ↑ The Crimean Tatars and the Austro-Ottoman Wars, Dan D.Y. Shapira, The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718, ed. Charles W. Ingrao, Nikola Samardžić, Jovan Pesalj, (Purdue University Press, 2011), 136-137.
- ↑ The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718: An Introduction, Nikola Samardzic, The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718, 29.
- ↑ Treaty of Belgrade (1739), Alexander Mikaberidze, Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, 210.
- ↑ Treaty of Nis (1739), Alexander Mikaberidze, Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, 647.
References[]
The original article can be found at Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) and the edit history here.