| Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force | |
|---|---|
 The Australian squadron entering Simpson Harbour, Rabaul, in September 1914. | |
| Active | 1914 |
| Country |
 Australia |
| Allegiance | British Empire |
| Branch | Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Size | 2,000 men |
| Engagements | |
| Commanders | |
| Commander | Colonel William Holmes |
The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (AN&MEF) was a small volunteer force of approximately 2,000 men, raised in Australia shortly after the outbreak of the First World War to seize and destroy German wireless stations in German New Guinea in the south-west Pacific. Britain required the German wireless installations to be destroyed because they were used by Vice-Admiral Maximilian von Spee's German East Asian Cruiser Squadron, which threatened merchant shipping in the region. Following the capture of German possessions in the region, the AN&MEF provided occupation forces for the duration of the war. New Zealand provided a similar force for the occupation of German Samoa.
History[]
Formation[]
The AN&MEF began forming following a request by the British government on 6 August 1914.[1] The force was assembled under the guidance of Colonel James Legge, and was separate from the Australian Imperial Force forming under Major-General William Bridges.[2] The AN&MEF comprised one battalion of infantry of 1,000 men enlisted in Sydney—known as the 1st Battalion, AN&MEF—plus 500 naval reservists and ex-sailors who would serve as infantry.[3] Another battalion of militia from the Queensland-based Kennedy Regiment, which had been hurriedly dispatched to garrison Thursday Island, also contributed 500 volunteers to the force.[4] The objectives of the force were the German stations at Yap in the Caroline Islands, Nauru and at Rabaul, New Britain.[3]
Embarkation of the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force in Sydney
Under the command of Colonel William Holmes, the AN&MEF departed Sydney aboard HMAS Berrima and halted at off Townsville until the New Zealand force, escorted by the battlecruiser HMAS Australia, cruiser HMAS Melbourne, and the French cruiser Montcalm, occupied Samoa on 30 August.[3] The AN&MEF then moved to Port Moresby where it met the Queensland contingent aboard the transport TSS Kanowna. The force then sailed for German New Guinea on 7 September but the Kanowna was left behind when her stokers refused to work.[Note 1][6] The soldiers from the Kennedy Regiment were also left in Port Moresby as Holmes felt that they were not trained or equipped well enough to be committed to the fighting that was expected.[3][7]
Landing at Rabaul[]
Off the eastern tip of New Guinea, the Berrima rendezvoused with Australia and the light cruiser HMAS Sydney plus some destroyers. Melbourne had been detached to destroy the wireless station on Nauru. The task force reached Rabaul on 11 September, finding the port free of German forces. Sydney and the destroyer HMAS Warrego landed small parties of naval reservists at the settlements of Kabakaul and the German gubernatorial capital Herbertshöhe on Neu-Pommern, south-east of Rabaul. These parties were reinforced firstly by sailors from Warrego and later by infantry from Berrima. A small 25-man force of naval reservists was subsequently landed at Kabakaul Bay and proceeded inland to capture the radio station believed to be in operation at Bita Paka, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to the south.[8]
The Australians were resisted by a mixed force of German reservists and Melanesian native police, who forced them to fight their way to the objective. By nightfall the radio station was reached, and it was found to have been abandoned. The mast had been dropped but its instruments and machinery were still intact. During the fighting at Bita Paka seven Australians were killed and five wounded, while the defenders lost one German NCO and about 30 Melanesians killed, and one German and 10 Melanesians wounded. Later it was alleged that the heavy losses among the Melanesian troops was the result of the Australians bayoneting all those they had captured during the fighting.[9] As a result of this engagement Seaman W.G.V. Williams became the first Australian fatality of the war.[10]
At nightfall on 12 September, Berrima landed the AN&MEF infantry battalion at Rabaul. The following afternoon, despite the fact that the German governor had not surrendered the territory, a ceremony was carried out to signal the British occupation of New Britain. The German administration had withdrawn inland to Toma and at dawn on 14 September, HMAS Encounter bombarded a ridge near the town, while half a battalion advanced towards the town, supported by a field gun.[11]
German surrender[]
A German artillery piece captured at Rabaul
The show of Australian firepower was sufficient to start negotiations, ending the Siege of Toma. Terms were signed on 17 September and all military resistance ceased, with the remaining 40 German soldiers and 110 natives surrendering on 21 September.[12] The German colony at Madang on Kaiser-Wilhelmsland (the New Guinea mainland) was occupied on 24 September but the German auxiliary cruiser SMS Cormoran, which was lurking nearby, escaped undetected.[13] Over the next two months the remaining outposts were occupied. The terms of the surrender allowed the colony's governor, Dr Eduard Haber, to return to Germany while German civilians were allowed to remain as long as they swore an oath of neutrality. Those who refused were transported to Australia from where they could freely travel back to Germany.[14]
Although successful the operation was not well managed, and the Australians had been effectively delayed by a half-trained native force.[9] Regardless, the Australians had prevailed not least of all because of their unexpected ability to fight close terrain, while the outflanking of the German positions had unnerved their opponents.[15] The losses of the AN&MEF were light in the context of later operations but were sufficiently heavy given the relatively modest gain. These losses were further compounded by the disappearance of the Australian submarine HMAS AE1 during a patrol off Rabaul on 14 September, with 35 men aboard.[14]
Following the capture of German possessions in the region, the AN&MEF provided occupation forces for the duration of the war.[16] A military government was subsequently set up by Holmes and continued until 1921 when Australia received a mandate from the League of Nations to govern the territory.[17] Australian administration lasted until 1975 when Papua New Guinea gained its independence.[15]
Gallery[]
Notes[]
- Footnotes
- ↑ The Kennedy Regiment had been under orders that in the event of war they were to reinforce the garrison on Thursday Island in order to prevent German military action there. Thus on the outbreak of the war, the regiment's officers had hastily mobilised it and requisitioned Kanowa under the Defence Act. Once they had arrived on the island, a call for volunteers for overseas service had been made and 500 men had responded. As such it was decided to retain the Kanowa to transport this force wherever it needed to go. The crew of the ship had not been consulted about whether or not they wished to participate in possible military action and as a result there was considerable discontentment amongst the crew on board. The force finally sailed on 7 September 1914, but shortly after leaving Port Moresby, Kanowa dropped out of the convoy when the stokers on board refused to work, stopping the ship dead in the water.[5]
- Citations
- ↑ Grey 2008, p. 86.
- ↑ Grey 2008, pp. 87–88.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Grey 2008, p. 87.
- ↑ Mackenzie 1941, pp. 23–35.
- ↑ Mackenzie 1941, pp. 31–32.
- ↑ Mackenzie 1941, p. 32.
- ↑ Mackenzie 1941, p. 31.
- ↑ Coulthard-Clark 1998, p. 96.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Coulthard-Clark 1998, p. 97.
- ↑ Calkins 2005, p. 881.
- ↑ Bean 1946, p. 36.
- ↑ Odgers 1994, p.42.
- ↑ Bean 1946, p. 38.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Bean 1946, p. 37.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Grey 1999, p. 83.
- ↑ Mackenzie 1941, pp. 105–126.
- ↑ Dennis et al 2008, p. 235.
References[]
- Bean, Charles (1946). Anzac to Amiens. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 220477286.
- Burnell, Frederick (1915). How Australia Took German New Guinea: An Illustrated Record of the Australian Naval & Military Expeditionary Force. Sydney, New South Wales: W.C. Penfold. OCLC 8029681.
- Calkins, Laura (2005). "Pacific Islands Campaign". In Tucker, Spencer. World War I: A–D. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 881–882. ISBN 978-1-851-09420-2.
- Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998). Where Australians Fought: The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles (1st ed.). St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 978-1-86448-611-7.
- Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; and Jean Bou (2008). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History (2nd ed.). Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-551784-2.
- Fleming, Robert (2012). The Australian Army in World War I (1st ed.). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 184908632X.
- Grey, Jeffrey (1999). A Military History of Australia (2nd ed.). Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64483-6.
- Grey, Jeffrey (2008). A Military History of Australia (3rd ed.). Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69791-0.
- MacKenzie, Seaforth (1941). The Australians at Rabaul: The Capture and Administration of the German Possessions in the South Pacific. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. X (10th ed.). Sydney, New South Wales: Angus and Robertson. OCLC 12752502. http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/first_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67896.
- Odgers, George (1994). 100 Years of Australians at War. Sydney, New South Wales: Lansdowne. ISBN 1-86302-669-X.
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