Auster J family

Auster J family
	J/1B Aiglet fitted with under-wing crop-spraying bars at Rearsby airfield, Leicestershire, in June 1951.
Role	Light civil aircraft
National origin	United Kingdom
Manufacturer	Auster
First flight	1945 (J/2 Arrow)
Retired	several still airworthy in Australia and the U.K.
Primary user	agricultural contractors and private owners
Number built	(J/1 86) (J/5 10) (J/5 Aiglet Trainer 77) (J/5 Autocar 180) (J/5 Adventurer 59) (J/4 27) (J/3 Atom 1) ( J/2 Arrow 44) (J/1U Workmaster 10) (J/1 Autocrat 420) (Avis 2)
Developed from	Taylorcraft Auster

The Auster J series was a family of British light civil utility aircraft developed in the 1940s and 50s by Auster at Rearsby, Leicestershire.

History[]

As the end of the Second World War approached the designers at Taylorcraft decided to develop a tourer version of the robust and reliable Model J AOP.V observation aircraft series. An Auster 5, registered G-AGOH, was modified to take a 100 hp (75 kW) Blackburn CirrusII engine for trials. At the same time a prototype aircraft was built designated the Taylorcraft Auster V Series J/1 Autocrat. Postwar models derived from the Model J commenced with the J/1 Autocrat - (note the use of J/1, not J-1).^[1]^[2]^[3]

Development[]

The first production aircraft, registered G-AGTO, was delivered in December 1945. One of the more spectacular feats of the type was the first visit of a civilian aircraft to an aircraft carrier, HMS Illustrious in the English Channel in October 1946.

The Autocrat became one of the most successful post-war British light aircraft with more than 400 built before the last Rearsby-built J/1s were delivered in 1952. . A small number of variants were built and the aircraft became the basis for a family of light aircraft.

The Autocrat of 1946 had achieved considerable sales success but orders died away in the late 1940s. Few sales were achieved in the important Australian market as the Autocrat's 100 h.p. engine was not powerful enough for the harsher summer conditions experienced there.

In 1950, Auster utilised an uncompleted Autocrat airframe and wing structure and incorporated a larger fin and rudder to compensate for the installation of a 130 h.p. de Havilland Gipsy Major engine which had been modified by the fitment of double scavenge pumps to match the cooling system.^[4] The prototype J/1N Alpha first flew in 1950 and was followed by several other conversions of Autocrat airframes, but construction soon switched to the use of new airframes. Most sales were made in Australia and New Zealand. The majority of aircraft were exported engineless to Kingsford Smith Aviation Services in Sydney where they were completed and tested before delivery.^[5] Many J/1s were converted to J/1N Alpha standard with a higher fin and fitted with a 130 h.p. Gipsy Major engine, as used in the J/1B Aiglet. The J/5 Adventurer three-seat high-wing monoplane was developed from the J/1 Autocrat with extra power provided by the installation of the 130 h.p. Gipsy Major engine, to enable more flexible operations in the hotter climate of Australia and New Zealand, where most examples were sold. Unlike the similarly powered J/1 Aiglet and J/1N Alpha, the Adventurer retained the smaller tail surfaces of the Autocrat, the new engine being set back sufficiently far for the original fin area to remain sufficient.^[6]

The prototype Adventurer was converted to the new standard from a J/1 Autocrat c/n 2093 and first flew on 15 November 1947.^[7] This was followed by a further 58 production examples delivered between 1948 and 1952.^[8]

The company recognised a need for a four-seat touring aircraft to complement the three-seat J/1 Autocrat, developing the J/5 Autocar featuring wing-root fuel tanks and an enlarged cabin. The prototype Autocar G-AJYK, a model J/5B, first flew in August 1949 and was exhibited at the 1949 Farnborough Air Show in September.^[9] A demand for a more powerful version for the tropics produced in 1950 the J/5E powered by a 155 hp (116 kW) Blackburn Cirrus Major engine. This was further developed as the J/5G first flown in 1951.

The need for rugged inexpensive trainer aircraft throughout the Commonwealth spurred Auster to develop the J/5 Aiglet Trainer, which, despite its name, had nothing to do with the J/1B Aiglet, being an aerobatic development of the J/5 Autocar, with new wings and stressed for aerobatics, the prototype flying for the first time on 2 June 1951. Most Aiglet Trainers were bought by private pilots and flying clubs, but 15 went to the Pakistan Air Force, 14 to the Iran Civil Aviation Club and two to the Lebanese Air Force.^[10]

Auster J/1U Workmaster[]

Main article: Auster Workmaster

Following the experience of developing the J/1B Aiglet agricultural aircraft, Auster developed a more powerful successor the J/1U Workmaster. Using the basic Autocrat fuselage it was strengthened and had dorsal fin fillets added, low pressure tyres and a 180 hp (134 kW) Lycoming O-360-A engine.

Of traditional high-wing layout, it carries 90 gallons of spray fluid in a tank beside the pilot, an extra seat being provided for a passenger. The Lycoming engine driving a McCauley v.p. propeller giving it ample power; with slotted ailerons, balanced tail controls and oversize tyres providing good handling during operations in restricted spaces and rough surfaces.

The aircraft were fitted with Britten-Norman rotary atomizers for crop spraying and a 100 imperial gallon (455 litre) chemical tank in the fuselage, with an emergency dump valve allowing the tank to be emptied in 5 seconds. The Workmasters were mainly operated in West Africa, three returned to the UK later and are currently (2009) on the U.K. civil aircraft register.

Auster J/5 Q & R Alpine[]

Main article: Auster Alpine

The J/5R Alpine was a hybrid aircraft, with the prototype and nine production aircraft assembled using J/5 Aiglet Trainer fuselages fitted with the J-1 Autocrat wings. A lower powered version was built as the J/5Q alpine, powered by a de Havilland Gipsy Major1 engine.

Auster Avis[]

Main article: Auster Avis

The Auster Avis featured a redesigned fuselage incorporating four doors and a circular cross-section towards the tail, new undercarriage, and new wing flaps. It was planned in two versions, the Mk 1 for civil use, and the Mk 2 for military and air ambulance duties. However, only two prototypes were built, and Auster abandoned the project in favour of the J-5 Autocar.

Auster Two-seaters[]

Auster J/2 Arrow[]

Main article: Auster Arrow

The Arrow was designed as a successor to the pre-war Taylorcraft Plus C monoplane. A development aircraft, a side-by-side two-seater, first flew in 1946 powered by Lycoming O-145-B3 flat four air-cooled engined. Import restrictions on the sale of American engines resulted in the nearly all of the 44 aircraft built being exported, mainly to Australia.

Auster J/3 Atom[]

Main article: Auster Atom

The Atom was an attempt to create a lower-powered version of the J-2 Arrow. A modified Arrow was flown with a 65 hp Continental C65-12 engine and designated the J/3 Atom. Only the prototype, registered G-AHSY, (c/n 2250) was built as the aircraft was not developed further. Another example G-AJIJ (c/n 2401) was not completed.

The sole J/3 was dismantled at Rearsby in 1950 and was rebuilt to J/4 standard with a new registration G-AJYX and c/n 2941. It crashed near Melton Mowbray on 22 April 1951 after a pilotless take-off from Rearsby.^[11] The Continental C65 engine had been replaced by a 95 hp Blackburn Cirrus Minor II. This aircraft has since been deregistered by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA).

Auster J/4[]

Main article: Auster J/4

Sales in the UK of the American engined J/2 Arrow were limited by import restrictions on the engines, so Auster re-engined the aircraft with a 90 hp Blackburn Cirrus MinorI. The first aircraft flew towards the end of 1946. The two-seat aircraft proved less popular than the companies three-seat J/1 Autocrat and only 27 aircraft were built, a number of which were exported to Australia, where they were known as the Auster J/4 Archer.^[12]

On 30 August 1955 an Australian aircraft VH-AET managed to take-off from Bankstown Airport Sydney without a pilot. It was followed out to sea by Royal Australian Navy Hawker Sea Furys and shot down.^[12]

Operational history[]

The Autocar has been primarily operated by private pilot owners but some were used by small charter firms in the UK and elsewhere as taxi and photographic aircraft. Pest Control Ltd took delivery of five J/5G Autocars in 1952 for crop spraying operations in Sudan.

The Aiglet was particularly suited to use by agricultural spraying and dusting contractors. The spray bars were installed using supports on the Aiglet's fuselage undersurfaces and the wing struts. Most sales were to Australia and New Zealand but seven were supplied to Aerial Spraying Contractors Ltd of Boston, Lincolnshire. These were flown out to Sudan in autumn 1950 and within a month had rid 17,000 acres of farmland of locusts and other insect pests.^[5]

The agricultural task required operation at very low heights in conditions of extreme heat and inevitably resulted in the loss of many Aiglets in accidents. After withdrawal from crop-spraying use during the late 1950s and early 1960s, the survivors were purchased by aerial photo contractors, aero clubs and private owners.^[13] Many of these aircraft were fitted with an extra fuel tank beneath the fuselage, as shown in the adjacent photograph.

In 2009, several Aiglets remain in airworthy condition in Australia and New Zealand and three were active in the United Kingdom.

Most Adventurers were sold to private pilot owners in Australia and New Zealand. Eleven Adventurers were still in service in Australia in 2009 and one in New Zealand (see image). Six Adventurers were sold to the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) and four to the Royal Rhodesian Air Force (RRAF). Five examples were completed for agricultural use as the J/5A Cropduster and served in Africa and Pakistan.^[14]

Military operators[]

Iran

Imperial Iranian Air Force (J/1)

Israel

Israeli Air Force (J/1)

Jordan

Royal Jordanian Air Force (J/1), ( J/5 aiglet Trainer)

Rhodesia

Rhodesian Air Force - one aircraft only (J/1)

Southern Rhodesia

Southern Rhodesian Air Force - one aircraft only (J/1) - five aircraft ( J/5 aiglet Trainer)

Lebanon

Lebanese Air Force - two aircraft ( J/5 aiglet Trainer)

Pakistan

Pakistan Air Force - 15 aircraft ( J/5 aiglet Trainer)

Australia

Royal Australian Navy (J/5 Autocar)

New Zealand

Royal New Zealand Air Force (J/5 Autocar), (J/5 Adventurer)^{[citation needed]}
- No. 3 Squadron RNZAF
- No. 6 Squadron RNZAF
- No. 42 Squadron RNZAF
- Air Reconnaissance Flight

Civil operators (J/5 Autocar)[]

United Kingdom

Airviews Ltd (J/5 Autocar)
Anglian Air Charter (J/5 Autocar)
Bees Flight (J/5 Autocar)
Bristol Aero Engines (J/5 Autocar)
Ferranti (J/5 Autocar)
Gloster Aircraft (J/5 Autocar)
Hunting Aerosurveys (J/5 Autocar)
Pest Control Ltd (J/5 Autocar)
Southend Flying School (J/5 Autocar)

Variants[]

^[15]

Auster J/1 Autocrat: Production version with Blackburn Cirrus Major engine. Several later fitted with engines up to the 150 h.p. Lycoming O-320-A1A.
Auster J/1A Autocrat: additional (fourth-seat) for joyriding.
Auster J/1N Alpha: powered by a de Havilland Gipsy Major I engine and with enlarged tail surfaces.
Auster J/1S Autocrat: powered by a 145 h.p. de Havilland Gipsy Major 10 Mk 2-2 engine.
Auster J/1U Workmaster: An agricultural workhorse using a strengthened Autocrat airframe with dorsal fin fillets added, low pressure tyres and a 180 hp (134 kW) Lycoming engine. Spray equipment was suspended from the fuselage and wings, fed by a 90 gal tank.
Auster J/2 Arow: A two seater development powered by a Lycoming O-145-B3 engine.
Auster J/3 Atom: Intended as a light weight low powered version of the J/2, the sole J/3, powered by a 65 hp Continental C65-12, was not a success and further work was abandoned.
Auster J/4: Sales of the American engined J/2 were poor in the English market so Auster re-engined the two seater with a 90 hp Blackburn Cirrus Minor I to stimulate home sales.
Auster J/4 archer: The name for the J/4s sold in Australia.
Auster J/5: Civil version, also operated by the RNZAF and RRAF (54 aircraft)
Auster J/5A: Agricultural version with spray bars, spray tank etc. (5 aircraft)
Auster J/5B Autocar': production version.
Auster J/5E Autocar: prototype export version with a Blackburn Cirrus Major 3 engine.
Auster J/5F Aiglet Trainer: Production version.
Auster J/5G Autocar: export version with a Blackburn Cirrus Major 3 engine.
Auster J/5GL - one Auster J-5G fitted with an Avco Lycoming piston engine.
Auster J/5H Autocar: with Blackburn Cirrus Major 2 engine, one rebuilt from J/5B
Auster J/5K Aiglet Trainer: Blackburn Cirrus Major 3 engine, one built.
Auster J/5L Aiglet Trainer: de Havilland Gipsy Major 1 engine. 10 built.
Auster J/5P Autocar: version with a de Havilland Gipsy Major1 engine.
Auster J/5Q Alpine: Lower-powered version with a de Havilland Gipsy Major 1 engine, four-built.
Auster J/5R Alpine: production version with de Havilland Gipsy Major 10 engine, 10 built.
Auster J/5V Autocar: development aircraft with 160 hp (199 kW) Avco Lycoming O-320 engine.
Auster J/8L Aiglet Trainer: J-5K re-engined with a de Havilland Gipsy Major 1 engine.

Specifications (J/1B)[]

Data from Jackson, 1973, p. 70)

General characteristics

Crew: 1
Capacity: agricultural materials or two passengers
Length: 23 ft 8 in (7.21 m)
Wingspan: 36 ft 0 in (10.97 m)
Height: 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
Wing area: 185 ft² (17.19 m²)
Empty weight: 1,223 lb (555 kg)
Gross weight: 2,000 lb (907 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × de Havilland Gipsy Major 1 4-cylinder inverted air-cooled in-line, 130 hp (97 kW)

Performance

Maximum speed: 126 mph (203 km/h)
Cruise speed: 105 mph (169 km/h)
Range: 220 miles (354 km)
Service ceiling: 18,000 ft (5,486 m)

References[]

Notes

↑ Hitchman, 1989, p. 53
↑ Ellison, 1966, p. 72
↑ Jackson, 1974, p. 63
↑ Hitchman, 1989, p. 31
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Jackson, 1973, p. 69
↑ Green, 1965, p. 138
↑ Hitchman, 1989, p. 59
↑ Ellison, 1965, pp 56-58
↑ Jackson, p. 75
↑ Ellison, 1966, pp. 61-64
↑ Ellison, 1965, p.55
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Ellison, 1966, p. 55
↑ Ellison, 1966, pp. 49-52
↑ Ellison, 1965, pp. 56-58
↑ Jackson, 1974, p. 67

Bibliography

Ellison, N.H. (1966). Auster Aircraft Ltd - Aircraft Production List. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ASIN B0041OQAEG.
Hitchman, Ambrose (1989). The History of the Auster Aeroplane. International Auster Pilot Club. ASIN B0019BV2YM.
Jackson, A.J. (1973). British Civil Aircraft since 1919 - Volume 1. Putnam & Company Ltd. ISBN 0-370-10006-9.

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). Orbis Publishing.
Green, William (1965). The Aircraft of the World. Macdonald & Co (Publishers) Ltd.
Mike Preston and Mick Ames, 2002, "Austers", International Auster Club Heritage Group Publication, ISBN 0-9543889-0-9
Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. pp. 84.
World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing. pp. File 889 Sheet 85.
Simpson, R. W. (1995). Airlife's General Aviation. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing. pp. 42. ISBN 978-1-85310-577-7.

External links[]

All or a portion of this article consists of text from Wikipedia, and is therefore Creative Commons Licensed under GFDL.
The original article can be found at Auster J family and the edit history here.

[1] Hitchman, 1989, p. 53

[2] Ellison, 1966, p. 72

[3] Jackson, 1974, p. 63

[4] Hitchman, 1989, p. 31

[Jackson69-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Jackson, 1973, p. 69

[6] Green, 1965, p. 138

[7] Hitchman, 1989, p. 59

[8] Ellison, 1965, pp 56-58

[9] Jackson, p. 75

[10] Ellison, 1966, pp. 61-64

[11] Ellison, 1965, p.55

[Ellison55-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Ellison, 1966, p. 55

[13] Ellison, 1966, pp. 49-52

[14] Ellison, 1965, pp. 56-58

[15] Jackson, 1974, p. 67

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