Army of the Republic of North Macedonia

Army of the Republic of North Macedonia
Армија на Република Северна Македонија
Emblem of the АРCМ
Founded	21 February 1992
Current form	27 March 1992
Service branches	File:Logo na 1Mehanizirana Pesadiska Brigada.png 1st MIB File:Vozduhoplovna Brigada Logo.png Air Force Special Forces
Headquarters	Skopje, North Macedonia
Leadership
Commander-in-Chief	President Stevo Pendarovski
Minister of Defense	Radmila Šekerinska
Chief of the General Staff	Vasko Gjurchinovski
Manpower
Military age	18
Available for military service	532,856 males, age 16-49, 513,684 females, age 16-49
Fit for military service	444,247 males, age 16-49, 427,556 females, age 16-49
Reaching military age annually	16,144 males, 14,920 females
Active personnel	8,000
Reserve personnel	5,000
Expenditures
Budget	108,152,512 $ (2019)
Percent of GDP	1.09% (2017)
Industry
Domestic suppliers	Eurokompozit Prilep
Foreign suppliers	Serbia Russia Ukraine Germany United States Turkey
Related articles
History	Military history of North Macedonia
Ranks	Military ranks of North Macedonia

The Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (Macedonian language: Армија на Република Северна Македонија [АРCМ]) is a defense force consisting of an army and air force; it is responsible for defending the sovereignty and territorial integrity of North Macedonia. Since 2005, it is a fully professional defense force compatible with NATO standards.

Defence structure

Basis of the National Defence Policy and Doctrine

The national defence policy and doctrine are determined and based upon the following basic security policy goals of North Macedonia:

• to protect the lives and the personal safety of the civilians;
• to guarantee the independence and the territorial integrity of the state;
• to guarantee the material well being and the prosperity of the civilians.

Its security policy aims to accomplish the following goals:

• political and economic integration in the EU;
• political, that is military integration in the Collective Security and Defence Systems – UN, NATO, OSCE, WEU;
• maintaining of good equal neighbourly relations with all of our neighbours;
• organising of our own defence system.

Starting out from the security policy provisions and goals, the defence policy of North Macedonia is based upon the following principles:

• Organising of the defence as a system which enables fulfillment of the rights and the commitments of each citizen to defend the country which is guaranteed by the Constitution;
• Organising the defence in order to fulfill the right to an individual and collective self-defence by an armed combat in case of an armed attack, guaranteed by Article 51 of the UN Charter;
• Assuring the defensive character of the defence system;
• Organisation of the Armed Forces as a deterring factor for aggression and other threats to the security of the country and capable of armed resistance in case of an aggression;
• Organising of the defence for full protection of the air sovereignty;
• Uniformity in the use of the Armed Forces.

The political defence strategy of North Macedonia is based upon:

• Deterring aggression;
• Defending the country in case of an aggression;
• Uniformity and conformity in the international co-operation in the area of defence.

Macedonian soldiers in 2013 wearing the pixel camouflage uniform introduced in 2010

North Macedonia maintains a defensive potential and combat readiness of its Armed Forces which function as a deterring factor in case of a potential aggression in accordance with its capabilities and international arrangements.

In accordance with the Article 123 of the Constitution of North Macedonia, no one in the state has the right to declare capitulation. Therefore, the defence system of North Macedonia is based on the determination to give resistance by use of an armed force against any possible aggression and for a defensive combat on the whole territory. For that purpose, the defence system is responsible to provide conditions so that all of the state authorities and institutions function and conditions for joining the collective defence and security systems as a protection of the independence and sovereignty are provided.

North Macedonia could maintain all the guarantees for its security through the collective defence and security systems. That is why North Macedonia supports the reinforcement of these collective systems and determines itself to actively participate in these systems and to cooperate with regard to the construction of the new European security architecture based upon NATO, OSCE and WEU.

In order to fulfill these principles and strategic goals, the defence system of North Macedonia is a completed with the peacetime and warfare organisation, the basic development goals, the preparations and the use of the Armed Forces as well as the full civilian control over the Armed Forces. The defence system comprises the whole defence potential of the country: civilians, state authorities, civil protection forces, local self-management, public institutions and services and enterprises of special significance for the defence.

The preparations for a successful defence are conducted during peacetime. These include preparations of the state authorities; preparations and training of the Armed Forces and their deployment on the territory of North Macedonia; preparation of the public institutions and the local self-management; preparations of the civil population and participation in joint exercises and other forms of co-operation with the PfP and NATO member countries.

National Command Management

The management and the procedures in the field of defence of North Macedonia are defined by the Constitution, the Defence Law and by the responsibilities of the executive and judicial authorities.

The commanding with the Armed Forces is based upon the uniformity in command when using the forces and the resources, and the responsibility to execute the decisions and the orders of the one that is superior in command.

• The President of the Republic is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.

The President passes the defence plan and strategy, the decisions for readiness conducting, organisation and formation structure of the Army, passes documents on development, decision on mobilization etc.

The President at the same time is the Chairman of the Security Council of North Macedonia. The Security Council considers all the defence and security related issues of North Macedonia and makes recommendations to the Parliament and to the Government.

The Parliament of North Macedonia supervises the competence of the Government with regard to the defence, it passes decisions on the existing of a direct threat from a war, declares warfare situation and peace and passes the defence budget.

The Parliamentary Interior Policy and Defence Commission has similar responsibilities.

The Government of North Macedonia has the following responsibilities: proposes the defence plan, the defence budget etc.

The Ministry of Defence develops the defence strategy and works out the assessment of the possible threats and risks. The MOD is also responsible for the defence system, training, readiness of the Armed Forces, the equipment and the development and it proposes the defence budget, etc.

History

In 2008, the Macedonian army had roughly 8,000 soldiers.

War in Afghanistan

ISAF logo

Macedonian soldiers in Kabul

The then-Republic of Macedonia began its participation in the NATO-led ISAF operation in August 2002, with the allocation of two officers to the Turkish contingent. On 8 September, independence day of the Republic of Macedonia, the Macedonian flag was flown for the first time in Kabul. In March 2003, the Army of the Republic of Macedonia increased its contribution in the ISAF mission by sending one section from the 2nd Infantry Brigade as part of the German contingent. As a result of the successful execution of the mission and the high marks received for participation in ISAF, from August 2004 until the end of 2006, the ARM participated with one mechanized infantry platoon from the Leopard unit. At the same time, in August 2005 medical personnel was sent in ISAF as part of the Combined Medical Team in the A3 format (Macedonia, Albania, Croatia), which successfully carried out tasks at the Kabul airport, firstly in the composition of the Greek Field Hospital, and later in the composition of the Czech Field Hospital.

Based on the assessments of the Alliance in the part of the declared units from the ARM, which achieved the required strict standards in the field of training and operational procedures, and in line with the Operational Capabilities Concept (OCC), the ARM in June 2006 sent also one mechanized infantry company, part of the first mechanized infantry brigade, in the composition of the British contingent in ISAF. The trust shown from the United Kingdom towards the ninety "Scorpions" from the first infantry brigade, was justified in full.

The high marks from the highest command structures for the work of the unit as well as the learned lessons are only an imperative for continuing the successful mission. In the second rotation of the company for securing the ISAF command, the Republic of Macedonia increased the participation from ninety to one hundred and twenty seven participants, and from January 2008 it sent three staff officers in the ISAF Command in Kabul.

As a support to the efforts for self-sustainability of the Afghanistan National Army (ANA), beginning from March 2008, the Republic of Macedonia sent two soldiers (one officer and one NCO) as part of the Combined Multinational Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team (OMLT) in Mazar-i-Sharif while, beginning from December 2008, in cooperation with the Kingdom of Norway, a Macedonian medical team is included through one Surgical team in the organizational structure of the surgical unit of the Norwegian Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Meymanah, Afghanistan.

EUFOR Althea

Macedonian Mi-8 in EUFOR Althea Mission in BiH

North Macedonia has reaffirmed its strategic commitment for attaining membership to the EU by its resolute political commitment to support the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CSFP) and by declaring a concrete contribution to the civilian and military operations in the framework of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The participation of the then-Republic of Macedonia in the EU crisis management military operation Althea in Bosnia and Herzegovina marked the first in the series of concrete and substantial contributions that the country provided in the framework of the civilian and military CSDP operations aimed at enhancing the EU capacities. The Agreement with the EU for its participation in Althea was signed on 3 July 2006, in Brussels. The contribution of the Republic of Macedonia to the EU operation Althea has confirmed its progress from a consumer of the first EU military operation (Concordia 2003) into an active contributor to the CSDP (Althea 2006). The country's first contribution to an EU-led operation began in July 2006, by declaring a helicopter detachment, consisting of two Mi-8/17 helicopters and 21crew. In November 2006, the Republic of Macedonia enhanced its own contribution to the EU operation Althea in Bosnia and Herzegovina by declaring a medical team composed of 10 personnel for providing Role 1 medical support in Camp Butmir.

Iraq War

Macedonian soldiers in 2008 during the Iraq War

A Macedonian soldier saluting during a performance of the Macedonian national anthem in 2008

With the political consensus of all political entities in the RM as well as the overall Macedonian public in terms of the support of the Coalition in the "fight against terrorism", the Republic of Macedonia took active participation by sending its units in the Iraqi Freedom Mission. Based on all legal authorizations, the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia adopted decisions for sending its units to the Iraqi Freedom Mission in the period between June 2003 and December 2008 for each mission separately every 6 months during the term of the mission. The Mission started by sending two officers in the US Central Command in Tampa, in March 2003. Upon the completion of the major combat operations, the toppling of Saddam Hussein’s regime, and the adoption of Resolution 1546 of the United Nations Security Council, in June 2003 on sending a special task platoon that executed the tasks as part of the 4th infantry division of the Multi-National Force Iraq. In 2008, participation in the Iraqi Freedom Mission was increased by an additional platoon. A total of 11 rotations were conducted between June 2003 and December 2008. The eleventh rotation was the last, which completed participation in the Iraqi Mission. The overall number of personnel that participated in this mission is 490.

Support for KFOR

Having in mind the priorities in the part of logistics not only in national terms, but even more in proportion with the requirements and requests of the Alliance, the Host Nation Support Coordination Centre began to work in April 2005 as part of the NATO HQ in Skopje, a project implemented for the first time with a member nation from the Partnership for Peace. The project at the beginning was implemented on proposal of General Blease, who at that time was the Commander of NATO forces in Skopje. At the beginning, the project included 11 officers from the ARM, who successfully completed the training for the obligations related to giving support from the host nation. Promoting the personal professionalism and achievements, in 2006 these officers became the basis of the Coordination Centre, which gradually began the preparations for undertaking the tasks for support to KFOR.

In June 2007, having in mind the large meaning and the projected goals, the Coordination Centre was included in the formation of the Logistics Support Command in the General Staff of the ARM. In this manner as an addition to the participation in the mission in Iraq, Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Lebanon, the ARM participates also in the mission for support to Kosovo.

UNIFIL

Macedonia participated in the peacekeeping mission of the United Nations in Lebanon, UNIFIL.

The security and prosperity in global terms depend more and more on the effective multilateral system. The strategic partnership with the Organization of the United Nations, whose Treaty represents the fundamental framework of the international relations, are the priority of the European Union and NATO on the international security scene. Hence, the contribution of the Republic of Macedonia in the military part with respect to the missions led by the Organization of the United National is a confirmation of the effective membership of the Republic of Macedonia in the Organization and its strategic determinations.

Organization

The primary arm of the military in North Macedonia is the Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (APCM); it is commanded by the Minister of Defense through the Chief of the General Staff (CGS). Two Deputy CGS positions include the Deputy CGS for planning, operations and readiness, under whom operates the General Staff of the ARM, and the Deputy CGS for civil-military cooperation.

Joint Operations Command

Controls and co-ordinates the Mechanized Infantry, Aviation and Logistics Support Brigades

Mechanized Infantry Brigade of North Macedonia

It plays the key role in securing the safety and unity of the territory of the country. The army is divided into the rapid reaction force and strategic reserve forces. The rapid reaction forces represent the main active combat capability of the military and consist of the 1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade. The strategic reserve forces provide reserve brigades that can be called up in times of emergency.

Aviation Brigade of North Macedonia

Air Warfare and Air Defence of North Macedonia has an important role as air support element of ground forces and in enhancing flight safety. One of the main goals of the Aviation Brigade is to build up an air surveillance system, which will be the cornerstone of the air traffic safety and airspace control. The air component is made up by the Aviation and the Air Defense Forces. It is located in Skopje International Airport (near Skopje)

Army of the Republic of Macedonia
Branches
Macedonian Air Force Macedonian Ground Force Strategic Reserve Forces
Timeline
History Wars 2001 Macedonia conflict
Personnel
Chiefs of the General Staff Notable officers Senior officers Rank insignia Awards Flags Oaths
Equipment
Equipment of the Army of Macedonia

• Aviation Brigade Headquarters
  • Pilot Training Center (Bell 206B-3)
  • Training Squadron (Zlin 242L and Zlin 143L)
  • Combat Helicopter Squadron "Night Thunders" (Mi-24V x 4)
  • Transport Helicopter Squadron "Bucephalus" (Mi-8MT/17 x 6)
  • Air Surveillance and Air Target Acquisition Transmission Company
  • Air Defence Battalion "Cobras" (9K35 Strela-10 x 21)
  • Logistical Support Squadron
  • Special Parachute Air Operations Platoon "Falcons"(An-2R)

Special Operations Regiment

Special Operations Regiment, is the main command for Special Units of the Army of Republic of North Macedonia. Under the command of the Special Operations Regiment are, The Special Forces Battalion "Wolves" and The Rangers Battalion as well as a Regimental Headquarters Company and Logistical Support Company.

Special Forces Battalion "Wolves" was formed in 1994. It consists of a Headquarters and an undisclosed number of Special Forces detachments and specializes in covert actions, Foreign Internal Defence assistance, Special Reconnaissance, Counter Terrorist operations, and Drug interdiction tasks. Its members wear the Maroon Beret.

The Rangers Battalion was formed in 2004. It consists of a Headquarters and 3 Reconnaissance and Direct Action Companies, its members wear the Ranger Green Beret. The Rangers Battalion is well respected by its allies and is continually preparing for success in conducting its missions. Since 2004 the unit has gone through an intensive development period and has put maximum effort into improving its operative ability and its readiness to manage all challenges of modern time conflicts.

The Mission of Special Operations Regiment is to provide fully organized, trained and equipped units to perform special operations and conventional specific operations, independently or in cooperation with other units of the Army and other coalition forces, in all weather and land conditions during peace, crisis and war and to support peace and conflict prevention as part of overall efforts to support internal security and foreign policy of the Republic of North Macedonia.

Missions outside the Republic of North Macedonia

• Special Operations Regiment from June 2003 to June 2008 attended by 11 contingents of rotations in the "Iraqi Freedom".
• Participation in Peacekeeping "ISAF-Phoenix" in Afghanistan from May to December 2010.
• Participation of individuals within the missions in Bosnia, Lebanon and Afghanistan.

Decorations awarded

• Order of Merit assigned to 14/08/2012, the President of the Republic of North Macedonia, Mr. Dr. Ivanov marking the 20th anniversary of the establishment of the Army of Republic of North Macedonia;
• Medal for bravery (6)
• Bronze Star (8)
• Achievement medal (43)
• ARCOM medal (68)
• NATO medal (46)
• Altea medal (2)

Logistics Support Brigade

Formed in 2001, the Logistics Command oversees all combat service support operations, and controls the Land Forces Logistic Base and the Military Hospital. Mission: Planning, organizing, coordinating and executing logistical support to commands and units of the Army of the Republic of North Macedonia, of level II and III.

Tasks:

Organization of the Military of the Republic of North Macedonia

1. Planning, organizing, coordinating and executing logistical support in the following functional areas:

• supply
• maintenance and repair
• movement and transport
• medical and veterinary support
• infrastructure
• services

2. Management with materials of all classes of supply for the commands and units of the Army

3. Storage and maintenance of material supplies for ARM according to specified criteria

4. Strengthening the logistics capacity of the Army in conducting training, work in field conditions, combat engagement and participation in missions

5. Coordinating support of allied forces in transit or maintain in the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia

6. Execution of logistical support for the administrative bodies and bodies of local self-governments, organizations, associations, etc. (in special circumstances and for special orders and instructions)

Other commands

Chief of General Staff include ELINT Center and the Honor Guard Unit.

Command for Training and Doctrines

Command for Training and Doctrines Organization, coordination and dimensional task of training the individual soldiers, cadets, NCOs and officers of the active and reserve forces, support collective training commands and units of the Army of the Republic and the development of doctrine and lessons learned in the Army of Republic of North Macedonia.In particular for meeting NATO requirements.

In order to improve the quality of training of the Army in 1996, were established several centers for basic and specialized training of individual soldiers, and collective training was done in the units. Centers were established to train: infantry, artillery, logistics, border guards, military police and reconnaissance.

Equipment

Vehicle	Photo	Origin	Type	In service	Notes
Tanks
T-72A	File:Macedonian Army T-72.jpg	Soviet Union	Main battle tank	31
Armoured Fighting Vehicles
BMP-2	File:Macedonian Army BMP-2.jpg	Soviet Union	Infantry fighting vehicle	11
MT-LB	File:Macedonian MT-LB.jpg	Soviet Union	Armored personnel carrier	11
BTR-80	File:Macedonian Army BTR-80.jpg	Soviet Union	Armored personnel carrier	12	Used by Special Forces
BTR-70	File:Macedonian Army BTR-70.jpg	Soviet Union	Armored personnel carrier	60	Some modified with diesel engine
TM-170 "Hermelin"	File:Macedonian Army ТМ-170 Hermelin.jpg	Template:Flags West Germany	Armored personnel carrier	115	Modernized by Eurokompozit
ELBO Leonidas-2		Greece	Armored personnel carrier	10
M113		United States	Armored personnel carrier	30	In reserve
Stryker		United States	Armored personnel carrier	(0)56	The LTDCP 2019–28, which was approved by parliament on 26 August, foresees acquisition of 56 Infantry Carrier Vehicles and 96 Joint Light Tactical Vehicles.For the price of $150 million,$30 million US donation
JLTV		United States	MRAP	(0)96	The Army will retire most of its Soviet-era armoured vehicles under the US European Recapitalization Incentive Program (ERIP).The vehicles to be retired are BTR-70/80 wheeled armoured personnel carriers, BMP-2 tracked infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs), and MT-LB tracked carriers.
Light Military Vehicles
HMMWV	File:Macedonian Army HMMWV.jpg	United States	Light armored vehicle	80	Variants: Armoured Semi Armored Communications system Тransport variant
Otokar Cobra	File:Macedonian Army Cobra 4x4.jpg	Turkey	Light armored vehicle	2	Donation from Turkey used by Military Police
Land Rover	File:Macedonian Army Lend Rover Wolf.jpg	Turkey	Light high mobility vehicle		Turkish variant of Land Rover Wolf by Otokar

Vehicle	Photo	Origin	Type	In service	Notes
Logistics and Utility Vehicles
Land Rover Defender		United Kingdom	Light Utility Vehicle	100+
Mercedes G		Template:Flags West Germany	Light Utility Vehicle
Military Trucks
Oshkosh FMTV		United States	Medium utility truck
Iveco		Italy	Medium utility truck	44
DAF		Netherlands	Medium utility truck	126
BMC	File:Macedonian Army BMC.jpg	Turkey	Medium utility truck
M35/44 truck		United States	Medium utility truck	150	In reserve

Artillery

Artillery	Photo	Origin	Type	In service
Artillery
BM-21 Grad		Soviet Union	Multiple rocket launcher	12
M-63 "Plamen"		Yugoslavia	Multiple rocket launcher	12
M2A1		United States	Howitzer	36
M-30		Soviet Union	Howitzer	108
Mortars
M57 60mm		Yugoslavia	Light mortars
M69 82mm		Yugoslavia	Infantry mortar
82-BM-37		Soviet Union	Infantry mortar
M43 120mm		Soviet Union	Heavy mortars
M52UB 120mm		Yugoslavia	Heavy mortars

Small arms

Name	Type	Origin	Notes
CZ 75	Pistol	Czech Republic	9×19mm
CZ-99/999	Pistol	Yugoslavia	9×19mm
Daewoo DP-51	Pistol	South Korea	9×19mm
HS2000	Pistol	Croatia	9×19mm
H&K MP5	Submachine gun	Template:Flags West Germany	9×19mm
M4	Assault rifle	United States	5.56×45mm
H&K G3	Assault rifle	Template:Flags West Germany / Turkey	7.62×51mm
Zastava M21	Assault rifle	Serbia and Montenegro	5.56×45mm
Zastava M90	Assault rifle	Yugoslavia	5.56×45mm
Zastava M70	Assault rifle	Yugoslavia	7.62×39mm
Zastava M92	Assault rifle	Yugoslavia	7.62×39mm
Zvi Falcon	Sniper rifle	Czechoslovakia	12.7×108mm
Zastava M93	Sniper rifle	Yugoslavia	12.7×108mm
Sako TRG-42	Sniper rifle	Finland	12.7×57mm
SVD Dragunov	Sniper rifle	Soviet Union	7.62×54mm
Zastava M76	Sniper rifle	Yugoslavia	7.92×57mm
M2 Browning	Heavy machine gun	United States	12.7×99mm
NSV	Heavy machine gun	Soviet Union	12.7×108mm
M240	Machine gun	United States	7.62×51mm
M249 SAW	Machine gun	United States	5.56×45mm
PKM	Machine gun	Soviet Union	7.62×54mm
Zastava M84	Machine gun	Yugoslavia	7.62×54mm
MG3	Machine gun	Template:Flags West Germany	7.62×51mm
Protecta	Shotgun	South Africa	12 gauge
Benelli Nova	Shotgun	Italy	12 gauge
Zastava BGA 30	Grenade launcher	Serbia and Montenegro	30mm
RBG-6	Grenade launcher	Croatia	40mm
M203	Grenade launcher	United States	40mm
GP-25	Grenade launcher	Soviet Union	40mm
Milan ATGM	ATGM	France	115mm
M80 Zolja	Man-portable missile	Yugoslavia	64mm
M79 Osa	Man-portable missile	Yugoslavia	90mm
M90 Stršljen	Man-portable missile	Yugoslavia / Macedonia	120mm

Air Force

Aircraft	Photo	Origin	Type	In service	Notes
Helicopters
Mil Mi-24		Soviet Union / Ukraine	Attack	6	Supplied by Ukraine, modernized by Elbit.
Mil Mi-17		Soviet Union / Ukraine	Transport /Attack	4	Supplied by Ukraine, 4 modernized by Elbit.
Bell UH-1		United States	Transport	2	In reserve
Trainer Aircraft
Bell 206		United States	Trainer	4

Air defense

System	Photo	Origin	Type	In service	Notes
Surface to Air Missile
9K35 Strela-10	File:Macedonian Army Strela-10.jpg	Soviet Union	SAM	8
9K38 Igla	File:Macedonian Army 9K38 Igla.jpg	Soviet Union	MANPADS
9K32 Strela-2		Soviet Union	MANPADS
Anti Aircraft Gun
Zastava M55 20mm		Yugoslavia	Autocannon
Bofors 40mm		Sweden	Autocannon		In reserve

Retired equipment

• Su-25x4 - retired
• T-34/85 x4 - inherited from JNA, turned into museum pieces
• BRDM-2 x10 - retired
• T-55A x94 - military aid from Bulgaria, retired
• BTR-60P x31 - retired

See also

• The Rangers Battalion
• 1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade
• Ceremonial Guard Battalion
• Military Reserve Force (North Macedonia)
• Military Service for Security and Intelligence
• Operation MH - 2

Gallery

Mihailo Apostolski

License plate of ARM

Roundel of North Macedonia's air force

References

•  This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook document "2003 edition".

External links

• Official website of the Army of the Republic of North Macedonia
• http://www.mediafire.com/view/gfo872rmgnhe2rl/Macedonian_military_statistics.docx A description of the total equipment of the Army of North Macedonia, including Yugoslavian inherited M84 Tanks stored. Viewing version.
• http://www.mediafire.com/download/gfo872rmgnhe2rl/Macedonian_military_statistics.docx Macedonian_military_statistics.docx A description of the total equipment of the Army of North Macedonia, including Yugoslavian inherited M84 Tanks stored. Download Version.
• Ministry of Defence official site in English
• VV i PVO ARM (Air Force and Air Defence of the Army of the Republic of North Macedonia)
• U.S. Embassy Skope assessment of progress towards NATO membership, February 2006, via United States diplomatic cables leak