Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
د اسلامي امارت وسله وال ځواکونه
Motto	Arabic language: الارض لله والحكم لله‎ ("The land belongs to Allah, the rule belongs to Allah")
Founded	1997
Current form	8 November 2021 (2021-11-08)
Service branches	Army of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Air Force of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
Headquarters	Kabul
Leadership
Leader	Hibatullah Akhundzada
Prime Minister	Hasan Akhund (acting)
Minister of Defence	Mullah Yaqoob (acting)
Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces	Qari Fasihuddin (acting)
Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force	Amanuddin Mansoor
Manpower
Military age	18 (voluntary)
Active personnel	110,000 - 150,000 (2022)
Industry
Foreign suppliers	Iraq Syria Pakistan Iran Russia China
Related articles
History	Military history of Afghanistan Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Republican insurgency in Afghanistan Islamic State–Taliban conflict
Ranks	Military ranks of Afghanistan

The Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Pashto language: د اسلامي امارت وسله وال ځواکونه),also referred to as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Armed Forces, is the military of Afghanistan, ruled by the Taliban government from 1996 to 2001 and since August 2021. The Islamic Army of Afghanistan was created in 1997 after the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan following the end of the Afghan Civil War, however the army was dissolved in 2001 after the first Taliban army and government was destroyed following the United States invasion of Afghanistan. It was officially reestablished on November 8, 2021 after the Taliban's victory in the War in Afghanistan on August 15, 2021 following the recapture of Kabul and the collapse of the U.S.-backed Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and its Afghan National Army as a whole, with the re-establishment of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan after being out of power for 20 years.

History of the Armed Forces

See also: Military history of Afghanistan

In April 1978 there was a coup, known as the Saur Revolution, orchestrated by members of the government loyal to the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). This led to a full-scale Soviet invasion in December 1979, led by the 40th Army and the Airborne Forces. In 1981 the total strength of the Afghan Armed Forces was around 85,000 troops according to The New York Times. The Afghan Army had around 35–40,000 soldiers, mostly conscripts; the Air Force had around 7,000 personnel; and the total of all military personnel was around 87,000 in 1984. Throughout the 1980s, the Afghan Armed Forces was heavily involved in fighting against the multi-national mujahiddin rebel groups who were largely backed by the United States and trained by the Pakistan Armed Forces. The rebel groups were fighting to force the Soviet Union to withdraw from Afghanistan as well as to remove the Soviet-backed government of President Mohammad Najibullah. Due to large number of defectors, the Afghan Armed Forces in 1985 were reduced to no more than about 47,000, the actual figure probably being lower. The Air Force had over 150 combat aircraft with about 7,000 officers who were supported by up to 5,000 Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force and Czechoslovak Air Force advisers.

Under the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992), weapon deliveries by the Soviets were increased and included Mi-24 helicopters, MiG-23 fighter aircraft, ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" and ZSU-57-2 anti-aircraft self-propelled mounts, MT-LB armored personnel carriers, BM-27 "Uragan" and BM-21 "Grad" multiple-launch rocket systems and FROG-7 and Scud launchers. Some of the weapons that were not damaged during the decades of wars are still being used today.

Weapons supplies were made available to the mujahideen rebel groups through numerous countries; the United States purchased all of Israel's captured Soviet weapons clandestinely, and then funnelled the weapons to the mujahideen rebels, while Egypt upgraded their own Army's weapons, and sent the older weapons to the mujahideen, Turkey sold its World War II stockpiles, and the British and Swiss provided Blowpipe missiles and Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns respectively, after they were found to be poor models for their own forces. China provided the most relevant weapons, likely due to their own experience with guerrilla warfare, and kept meticulous record of all the shipments.

Following the Soviet withdrawal in 1989 the mujahiddin rebel attacks continued and grew in intensity. For several years the Afghan Armed Forces had actually increased their effectiveness past levels ever achieved during the Soviet military presence. The eleven-year Siege of Khost ended with the city's fall in March 1991. But the government was dealt a major blow when Abdul Rashid Dostum, a leading general, switched allegiances to the mujahideen forces in 1992 and together they captured the city of Kabul. By 1992 the Afghan Army fragmented into regional militias under local warlords because of the fall of the Soviet Union which stopped supplying the Afghan Armed Forces and later in 1992 when the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan government lost power.

The fall of the Moscow-backed regime in 1992 disintegrated the state as well as the army. Bits and pieces of the fragmented military either disappeared or joined the warring factions that were locked in a drawn-out power struggle. The warring factions were composed of odd assortments of armed groups with varying levels of loyalties, political commitment, professional skills, and organizational integrity.

—Ahmed Ali Jalali, 2002

After the fall of Mohammad Najibullah's regime in 1992, the various Afghan political parties began to assemble their own more formal armed forces. By February 1992 Massoud's Jamiat-i-Islami had a central force reported at six battalions strong, plus additional second tier units, "the bulk of the army, ..made up of regional battalions, subordinate to local commanders of the Supervisory Council." On 16 January 1993 Jane's Defence Weekly reported that "a special assembly of 1335 delegates elected from across Afghanistan" had both elected Professor Burhanuddin Rabbani as President of the Islamic State of Afghanistan for two years, and agreed to "establish a regular army with soldiers mostly drawn from Mojahedin groups." Pakistan had offered training assistance. However, a Civil War started between the various warlords, including Ahmad Shah Massoud, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Abdul Rashid Dostum, Abdul Ali Mazari, Jalaluddin Haqqani, Ismail Khan, Atta Muhammad Nur, Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi, Mohammad Yunus Khalis, Gul Agha Sherzai and many others. The Taliban movement arose around Kandahar in southern Afghanistan and defeated the various armed movements there that had squabbled since the dissolution of the previous Afghan Army and Afghan Air Force. They moved to confront Ahmed Shah Massoud's forces by marching to the gates of Kabul in March 1995.

During the 1990s the Taliban maintained 400 T-54/55 and T-62 tanks and more than 200 armoured personnel carriers. The Taliban also began training its own army and commanders. After the removal of the Taliban government in late 2001, private armies loyal to warlords gained more and more influence. In mid-2001, Ali Jalali wrote:

The army (as a state institution, organized, armed, and commanded by the state) does not exist in Afghanistan today. Neither the Taliban-led "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan" nor the "Islamic State of Afghanistan" headed by the ousted President Rabbani has the political legitimacy or administrative efficiency of a state. The militia formations they command are composed of odd assortments of armed groups with varying level of loyalties, political commitment, professional skills, and organizational integrity. Many of them feel free to switch sides, shift loyalties, and join or leave the group spontaneously. The country suffers from the absence of a top political layer capable of controlling individual and group violence. ... Although both sides identify their units with military formations of the old regime, there is hardly any organizational or professional continuity from the past. But these units really exist in name only ... in fact only their military bases still exist, accommodating and supporting an assortment of militia groups.

Taliban Humvee in the streets of Kabul following its fall, 2021

During the 1990s the Taliban's air force had five supersonic MiG-21MFs and 10 Sukhoi-22 fighter-bombers. They also had six Mil Mi-8 helicopters, five Mi-35s, five L-39Cs, six An-12s, 25 An-26s, a dozen An-24 and An-32s, an IL-18, and a Yakovlev. Their civil air service contained two Boeing 727A/Bs, a Tu-154, five An-24s, and a DHC-6.

On 3 August 1995, Taliban Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 fighters forced a Russian Ilyushin-76 cargo plane carrying arms from Albania to Afghanistan to land at Kandahar. Negotiations between the Russian government and the Taliban to free the men stalled for over a year and efforts by American senator Hank Brown to mediate between the two parties broke down over a prisoner exchange. Brown was able to get the Taliban to agree that the Russian crew should be allowed to maintain their aircraft. This request paved the way for their escape.

Branches

Army

Main article: Afghan army

The army under the Taliban Islamic Movement was inaugurated as the Army of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, or Islamic Emirate Army on November 8, 2021. To date, the army itself relies heavily on captured hardware from the defeated Afghan National Army. Approximately 2,000 vehicles fell into Taliban hands after the Fall of Kabul, including the Humvee, M1117 Guardian, MaxxPro MRAP and Oshkosh ATV. In terms of infantry equipment, captured items include the M4 carbine, M16 rifle, night-vision goggles, body armor suits, communication equipment and shoulder-mounted grenade launchers. These U.S. made firearms are reportedly replacing Russian made AK-47s and AK-74s carried by most Taliban fighters.

From 1 September 2021 to 10 January 2022, 15,102 newly trained fighters were inducted into the Islamic Emirate Army as calculated on the official site, the average number of new soldiers inducted is 120 soldiers per week not counting paramilitaries.^{[citation needed]}

Formation and structure

Currently the conventional land forces of the Islamic Emirate Army are subdivided into eight corps, mostly superseding the previous corps of the former Afghan National Army. The conventional land warfare corps of the Islamic Emirate Army are renamed in November 2021 by Mullah Yaqoob, Acting Minister of Defense. They are listed below.

Corps

Corps	Headquarters	Former Designation	Commander(s)	Ref(s)
313 Central Corps	Kabul	N/A	Maulvi Naqibullah "Sahib" (Chief of Staff) Maulvi Nasrullah "Mati" (Commander) Maulvi Nusrat (Deputy Commander)
201 Khalid Ibn Walid Corps	Laghman	201st Corps	Abdul Rahman Mansoori (Chief of Staff) Abu Dujana (Commander) Ibrahim (Deputy Commander)
203 Mansoori Corps	Gardez	203rd Corps	Ahmadullah Mubarak (Chief of Staff) Mohammad Ayub (Commander) Rohul Amin (Deputy Commander)
205 Al-Badr Corps	Kandahar	205th Corps	Hizbullah Afghan (Chief of Staff) Mehrullah Hamad (Commander) Wali Jan Hamza (Deputy Commander)
207 Al-Farooq Corps	Herat	207th Corps	Abdul Rahman Haqqani (Chief of Staff) Mohammad Zarif Muzaffar (Commander) Abdul Shakur Baryalai (Deputy Commander)
209 Al-Fatah Corps	Mazar-i-Sharif	209th Corps	Abdul Razzaq Faizullah (Chief of Staff) Amir Khan Haqqani (Commander) Maulvi Amanuddin (Deputy Commander)
215 Azam Corps	Helmand	215th Corps	Maulvi Abdul Aziz "Ansari" (Chief of Staff) Sharafuddin Taqi (Commander) Mohibullah Nusrat (Deputy Commander)
217 Omari Corps	Kunduz	217th Corps	Mohammad Shafiq (Chief of Staff) Rahmatullah Mohammad (Commander) Mohammad Ismail Turkman (Deputy Commander)

All the corps beyond Kabul can be definitively tied to previous Afghan National Army (ANA) formations. However the number '313' was not utilized by the ANA, in Kabul or beyond, and the only former Taliban unit with that number was the Badri 313 Battalion. Other reported units include the Victorious Force Unit and the Panipat unit.

The Badri 313 Battalion; the Red Unit and the "Yarmouk 60 Special Forces Battalion" may have some special forces capabilities.

Air Force

Main article: Afghan Air Force

The Taliban created and ran a small air force in from 1996 to 2001. After the re-establishment of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and the fall of Kabul during the 2021 Taliban offensive, the Taliban established the Air Force of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, which is also referred to as the Islamic Emirate Air Force. The air force acquired UH-60 Black Hawks, Mil Mi-24s (most of them without engines), Mil Mi-8s/Mil Mi-17s, A-29 Super Tucanos, Cessna 208s, and C-130 Hercules.

On 11 January 2022, the air force successfully repaired and flew unserviceable aircraft which were abandoned by the US Army and the former Afghan National Army after Kabul fell to the Taliban.Template:Unclear inline A new Taliban commander of the Afghan Air Force spoke as part of the announcement.

Conscription

Main article: Taliban conscription

According to the testimony of Guantanamo detainees before their Combatant Status Review Tribunals, the Taliban, in addition to conscripting men to serve as soldiers, also conscripted men to staff its civil service.

Conscription of children

Main article: Children in the military#Afghanistan

According to a report from the University of Oxford, the Taliban made widespread use of the conscription of children in 1997, 1998 and 1999. During the civil war that preceded the Taliban regime, thousands of orphaned boys joined various militia for "employment, food, shelter, protection and economic opportunity." The report said that during its initial period the Taliban "long depended upon cohorts of youth". Witnesses stated that each land-owning family had to provide one young man and $500 in expenses. In August, of that year 5000 students aged between 15 and 35 left madrassas in Pakistan to join the Taliban.

Equipment

Main article: List of equipment of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

References

• Associated Press (August 19, 1996). "Daredevil airmen receive warm homecoming". The Register-Guard. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2HMVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NesDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6871,5168910&dq=russian+taliban+plane&hl=en. 
• Amstutz, J. Bruce (1986). Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation. Washington DC.: National Defense University. http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a187795.pdf. 
• Farah, Douglas; Braun, Stephen (2007). Merchant of death: money, guns, planes, and the man who makes war possible (2007 ed.). John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-04866-5. https://archive.org/details/merchantofdeathm00fara. 
• Malkasian, Carter (2021). The American War in Afghanistan: A History. Oxford University Press. 
• Nyrop, Richard F.; Seekins, Donald M. (January 1986). Area Handbook Series: Afghanistan: A Country Study. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center. 
• Watkins, Andrew H. (2021-11-11). "An Assessment of Taliban Rule at Three Months" (in en-US). https://ctc.westpoint.edu/an-assessment-of-taliban-rule-at-three-months/.