The Right Honourable The Earl Wavell GCB GCSI GCIE CMG MC PC | |
---|---|
Sir Archibald Wavell in Field Marshal's uniform | |
Viceroy and Governor-General of India | |
In office 1 October 1943 – 21 February 1947 | |
Monarch | George VI |
Prime Minister | Winston Churchill Clement Attlee |
Preceded by | The Marquess of Linlithgow |
Succeeded by | The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma |
Personal details | |
Born | Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom | 5 May 1883
Died | 24 May 1950 Westminster, London, United Kingdom | (aged 67)
Relations | Married to Eugenie Marie Quirk, one son and three daughters |
Military service | |
Allegiance | United Kingdom |
Service/branch | British Army |
Years of service | 1901–1943 |
Rank | Field Marshal |
Commands | 6th Infantry Brigade 2nd Division British Troops Palestine and Trans-Jordan Southern Command Middle East Command GHQ India American-British-Dutch-Australian Command |
Battles/wars | Second Boer War
First World War: Second World War: |
Awards | GCB (4 March 1941) GCSI (Aug/September 1943) |
Field Marshal Archibald Percival Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell GCB GCSI GCIE CMG MC PC (5 May 1883 – 24 May 1950) was a senior commander in the British Army. He served in the Second Boer War, the Bazar Valley Campaign and the Great War, during which he was wounded in the Second Battle of Ypres. He served in the Second World War, initially as Commander-in-Chief Middle East, in which role he led British forces to victory over the Italians in western Egypt and eastern Libya during Operation Compass in December 1940, only to be defeated by the German army in the Western Desert in April 1941. He served as Commander-in-Chief, India, from July 1941 until June 1943 (apart from a brief tour as Commander of ABDACOM) and then served as Viceroy of India until his retirement in February 1947.
Early life[]
Born the son of Archibald Graham Wavell (who later became a major-general in the British Army and military commander of Johannesburg after its capture during the Boer War[1]) and Lillie Wavell (née Percival), Wavell attended the leading preparatory boarding school Summer Fields near Oxford, followed by Winchester College, where he was a scholar, and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.[2] His Headmaster Dr Fearon had advised his father that there was no need to send him into the Army as he had “sufficient ability to make his way in other walks of life”[3]
Early career[]
After graduating from Sandhurst, Wavell was commissioned on 8 May 1901 into the Black Watch[4] and fought in the Second Boer War.[2] In 1903, he was transferred to India and, having been promoted to lieutenant on 13 August 1904,[5] he fought in the Bazar Valley Campaign of February 1908.[6] In January 1909 was seconded from his regiment to be a student at the Staff College.[7] He was one of only two in his class to graduate with an A grade.[8] In 1911, he spent a year as a military observer with the Russian Army to learn Russian,[6] returning to his regiment in December of that year.[9] In April 1912 he became a General Staff Officer Grade 3 (GSO3) in the Russian Section of the War Office.[10] In July, he was granted the temporary rank of captain and became GSO3 at the Directorate of Military Training.[11] On 20 March 1913 Wavell was promoted to the substantive rank of captain.[12] After visiting manoeuvres at Kiev in summer 1913, he was arrested at the Russo-Polish border as a suspected spy, following a search of his Moscow hotel room by the secret police, but managed to remove from his papers an incriminating document listing the information wanted by the War Office.[13]
Wavell was working at the War Office during the Curragh Incident. His letters to his father record his disgust at the Government’s behaviour in giving an ultimatum to officers – he had little doubt that the Government had been planning to crush the Ulster Protestants, whatever they later claimed. However, he was also concerned at the Army’s effectively intervening in politics, not least as there would be an even greater appearance of bias when the Army was used against industrial unrest.[14]
First World War[]
Wavell was working as a staff officer when the First World War began. As a captain, he was sent to France to a posting at General HQ of the British Expeditionary Force as General Staff Officer Grade 2 (GSO2), but shortly afterwards, in November 1914, was appointed Brigade Major of 9th Infantry Brigade.[15] He was wounded in the Second Battle of Ypres of 1915, losing his left eye[16] and winning the Military Cross.[17] In October 1915 he became a GSO2 in the 64th Highland Division.[2]
In December 1915, after he had recovered, Wavell was returned to General HQ in France as a GSO2.[18] He was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 8 May 1916.[19] In October 1916 Wavell was graded General Staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) as an acting lieutenant colonel,[20] and was then assigned as a liaison officer to the Russian Army in the Caucasus.[6] In June 1917, he was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel[21] and continued to work as a staff officer (GSO1),[22] as liaison officer with the Egyptian Expeditionary Force headquarters.[6]
In January 1918 Wavell received a further staff appointment as Assistant Adjutant & Quartermaster General (AA&QMG)[23] working at the Supreme War Council in Versailles.[16] In March 1918 Wavell was made a temporary brigadier general and returned to Palestine where he served as the brigadier general of the General Staff (BGGS) with XX Corps, part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force.[16]
Between the world wars[]
Wavell was given a number of assignments between the wars, though like many officers he had to accept a reduction in rank. In May 1920 he relinquished the temporary rank of brigadier general, reverting to brevet lieutenant colonel.[24] In December 1921, still a brevet lieutenant colonel, he became an Assistant Adjutant General (AAG) at the War Office[25] and, having been promoted to full colonel on 3 June 1921,[26] he became a GSO1 in the Directorate of Military Operations in July 1923.[27]
Apart from a short period unemployed on half pay in 1926,[28][29] Wavell continued to hold GSO1 appointments, latterly in the 3rd Infantry Division, until July 1930 when he was once again granted the rank of temporary brigadier and was given command of 6th Infantry Brigade.[30] In March 1932, he was appointed ADC to the King,[31] a position he held until October 1933 when he was promoted to major general.[32][33] However, there was a shortage of jobs for major generals at this time and in January 1934, on relinquishing command of his brigade, he found himself unemployed on half pay once again.[34]
By the end of the year, although still on half pay, Wavell had been designated to command 2nd Division and appointed a CB.[35] In March 1935, he took command of his division.[36] In August 1937 he was transferred to Palestine, where there was growing unrest, to be General Officer Commanding (GOC) British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan[37] and was promoted to lieutenant general on 21 January 1938.[38]
In April 1938 Wavell became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) Southern Command in the UK.[39] In July 1939, he was named as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Middle East Command with the local rank of full general.[40] Subsequently, on 15 February 1940, to reflect the broadening of his oversight responsibilities to include East Africa, Greece and the Balkans, his title was changed to Commander-in-Chief Middle East.[41]
Second World War military commands[]
Middle East Command[]
The Middle Eastern theatre was quiet for the first few months of the war until Italy's declaration of war in June 1940. The Italian forces in North and East Africa greatly outnumbered the British and Wavell's policy was therefore one of "flexible containment" to buy time to build up adequate forces to take the offensive. Having fallen back in front of Italian advances from Libya, Eritrea and Ethiopia, Wavell mounted successful offensives into Libya (Operation Compass) in December 1940 and Eritrea and Ethiopia in January 1941. By February 1941, his Western Desert Force under Lieutenant General Richard O'Connor had defeated the Italian Tenth Army at Beda Fomm taking 130,000 prisoners and appeared to be on the verge of overrunning the last Italian forces in Libya, which would have ended all direct Axis control in North Africa.[42] Furthermore, his troops in East Africa had the Italians under pressure and at the end of March his forces in Eritrea under William Platt won the decisive battle of the campaign at Keren which led to the occupation of the Italian colonies in Ethiopia and Somaliland.[43]
However, in February Wavell had been ordered to halt his advance into Libya and send troops to Greece where the Germans and Italians were attacking. He disagreed with this decision but followed his orders. The result was a disaster. The Germans were given the opportunity to reinforce the Italians in North Africa with the Afrika Korps and by the end of April the weakened Western Desert Force had been pushed all the way back to the Egyptian border, leaving Tobruk under siege.[44] In Greece General Wilson's Force W was unable to set up an adequate defence on the Greek mainland and were forced to withdraw to Crete, suffering 15,000 casualties and leaving behind all their heavy equipment and artillery. Crete was attacked by German airborne forces on 20 May and as in Greece, the British and Commonwealth troops were forced once more to evacuate.[44]
Events in Greece provoked a pro-Axis faction to take over the government of Iraq. Wavell, hard pressed on his other fronts, was unwilling to divert precious resources to Iraq and so it fell to Claude Auchinleck's India Command to send troops to Basra. Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, saw Iraq as vital to Britain's strategic interests and in early May, under heavy pressure from London, Wavell agreed to send a division-sized force across the desert from Palestine to relieve the besieged British air base at Habbaniya and to assume overall control of troops in Iraq. By the end of May Quinan's forces in Iraq had captured Baghdad and the Anglo-Iraqi War had ended with troops in Iraq once more reverting to the overall control of GHQ in Delhi. However, Churchill had been unimpressed by Wavell's reluctance to act.[44]
In early June Wavell sent a force under General Wilson to invade Syria and Lebanon, responding to the help given by the Vichy France authorities there to the Iraq Government during the Anglo-Iraqi War. Initial hopes of a quick victory faded as the French put up a determined defence. Churchill determined to relieve Wavell and after the failure in mid June of Operation Battleaxe, intended to relieve Tobruk, he told Wavell on 20 June that he was to be replaced by Auchinleck, whose attitude during the Iraq crisis had impressed him.[45] Rommel rated Wavell highly, despite Wavell's lack of success against him, and he carried an annotated translation of his book Generals and Generalship in his pocket throughout the North Africa Campaign.[46]
Of Wavell, Auchinleck wrote: "In no sense do I wish to infer [sic] that I found an unsatisfactory situation on my arrival – far from it. Not only was I greatly impressed by the solid foundations laid by my predecessor, but I was also able the better to appreciate the vastness of the problems with which he had been confronted and the greatness of his achievements, in a command in which some 40 different languages are spoken by the British and Allied Forces."[47]
India Command[]
Wavell in effect swapped jobs with Auchinleck, transferring to India where he became Commander-in-Chief, India and a member of the Governor General's Executive Council.[48] Initially his command covered India and Iraq so that within a month of taking charge he launched Iraqforce to invade Persia in co-operation with the Russians in order to secure the oilfields and secure lines of communication to the Soviet Union.[45]
Wavell once again had the misfortune of being placed in charge of an undermanned theatre which became a war zone when the Japanese declared war on the United Kingdom in December 1941. He was made Commander-in-Chief of ABDACOM (American-British-Dutch-Australian Command).[49]
Late at night on 10 February 1942, Wavell prepared to board a flying boat, to fly from Singapore to Java. He stepped out of a staff car, not noticing (because of his blind left eye) that it was parked at the edge of a pier. He broke two bones in his back when he fell, and this injury affected his temperament for some time.[50]
On 23 February 1942, with Malaya lost and the Allied position in Java and Sumatra precarious, ABDACOM was closed down and its headquarters in Java evacuated. Wavell returned to India to resume his position as C-in-C India where his responsibilities now included the defence of Burma.[51]
On 23 February British forces in Burma had suffered a serious setback when Major-General Jackie Smyth's decision to destroy the bridge over the Sittang river to prevent the enemy crossing had resulted in most of his division being trapped on the wrong side of the river. The Viceroy Lord Linlithgow sent a signal criticising the conduct of the field commanders to Churchill who forwarded it to Wavell together with an offer to send Harold Alexander, who had commanded the rearguard at Dunkirk. Alexander took command of Allied land forces in Burma in early March[51] with William Slim arriving shortly afterwards from commanding a division in Iraq to take command of its principal formation, Burma Corps. Nevertheless, the pressure from the Japanese Armies was unstoppable and a withdrawal to India was ordered which was completed by the end of May before the start of the monsoon season which brought Japanese progress to a halt.[52]
In order to wrest some of the initiative from the Japanese, Wavell ordered the Eastern Army in India to mount an offensive in the Arakan, which commenced in September. After some initial success the Japanese counter-attacked, and by March 1943 the position was untenable, and the remnants of the attacking force was withdrawn. Wavell relieved the Eastern Army commander, Noel Irwin, of his command and replaced him with George Giffard.[52]
Viceroy of India[]
In January 1943 Wavell had been promoted to Field Marshal.[53] When Linlinthgow retired as viceroy in the summer of 1943, Wavell was chosen to replace him,[46] surprisingly, given his poor relationship with Churchill. He himself was again replaced in his military post in June by Auchinleck, who by this point had also experienced setbacks in North Africa. In 1943, Wavell was created a viscount (taking the style Viscount Wavell of Cyrenaica and of Winchester, in the county of Southampton)[54] and in September, he was formally named Governor-General and Viceroy of India.[55]
One of Wavell's first actions in office was to address the Bengal famine of 1943 by ordering the army to distribute relief supplies to the starving rural Bengalis. He attempted with mixed success to increase the supplies of rice to reduce the prices.[56]
Although Wavell was initially popular with Indian politicians, pressure mounted concerning the likely structure and timing of an independent India. He attempted to move the debate along but received little support from Churchill (who was against Indian independence), nor from Clement Attlee, Churchill's successor as Prime Minister. He was also hampered by the differences between the various Indian political factions. At the end of the war, rising Indian expectations continued to be unfulfilled, and inter-communal violence increased. Eventually, in 1947, Attlee lost confidence in Wavell and replaced him with Lord Mountbatten of Burma.[46]
Later life[]
In 1947 Wavell returned to England and was made High Steward of Colchester. The same year, he was created Earl Wavell and given the additional title of Viscount Keren of Eritrea and Winchester.[57]
Wavell was a great lover of literature, and while Viceroy of India he compiled and annotated an anthology of great poetry, Other Men's Flowers, which was published in 1944. He wrote the last poem in the anthology himself and described it as a "...little wayside dandelion of my own".[58] He had a great memory for poetry and often quoted it at length. He is depicted in Evelyn Waugh's novel "Officers and Gentlemen", part of the Sword of Honour trilogy, reciting a translation of Callimachus's poetry in public.[59] He was also a member of the Church of England and a deeply religious man.[60]
Wavell died on 24 May 1950 after a relapse following abdominal surgery on 5 May.[61] After his death, his body lay in state at the Tower of London where he had been Constable. A military funeral was held on 7 June 1950 with the funeral procession travelling along the Thames from the Tower to Westminster Pier and then to Westminster Abbey for the funeral service.[62] This was the first military funeral by river since that of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson in 1806.[63] The funeral was attended by the then Prime Minister Clement Attlee as well as Lord Halifax and fellow officers including Field Marshals Alanbrooke and Montgomery. Winston Churchill did not attend the service.[64]
Wavell is buried in the old mediaeval cloister at Winchester College, next to the Chantry Chapel. His tombstone simply bears the inscription "Wavell". St Andrew's Garrison Church, Aldershot, an Army church, contains a large wooden plaque dedicated to Lord Wavell.[65]
Family[]
Wavell married Eugenie Marie Quirk, only daughter of Col J O Quirk CB DSO, on 22 April 1915.[66]
Children:
- Archibald John Arthur Wavell, later 2nd Earl Wavell, b. 11 May 1916.
- Eugenie Pamela Wavell, b. 2 December 1918, married 14 March 1942 Lt Col A F W Humphrys MBE.
- Felicity Ann Wavell, b. 21 July 1921, married 20 February 1947 Capt P M Longmore MC, son of Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Longmore.
- Joan Patricia Quirk Wavell, b. 23 April 1923, married
(1) 27 January 1943 Maj Hon Simon Nevill Astley (b. 13 August 1919; d. 16 March 1946), 2nd son of Albert Edward Delaval [Astley], 21st Baron Hastings, by his wife Lady Margueritte Helen Nevill, only child by his second wife of Henry Gilbert Ralph [Nevill], 3rd Marquess of Abergavenny.
(2) 19 June 1948 Maj Harry Alexander Gordon MC (d. 19 June 1965), 2nd son of Cdr Alastair Gordon DSO RN.
(3) Maj Donald Struan Robertson (d. 1991), son of the Rt Hon Sir Malcolm Arnold Robertson GCMG KBE.
Honours and awards[]
Ribbon bar (as it would look today)
British[]
- Military Cross – 3 June 1915[67]
- Mention in Despatches 22 June 1915, 4 January 1917, 22 January 1919[16]
- Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) – 1 January 1919[35]
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) – 4 March 1941[68] (KCB: 2 January 1939;[69] CB: 1 January 1935[70])
- Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) – 18 September 1943[71]
- Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) – 18 September 1943[71]
- Knight of the Order of St. John – 4 January 1944[72]
Others[]
- Order of St Stanislaus, 3rd class with Swords (Russia) (12 September 1916)[73]
- Order of St. Vladimir (Russia) 1917[16]
- Croix de Guerre (Commandeur) (France) – 4 May 1920[74]
- Commandeur, Légion d'honneur (France) – 7 May 1920[75]
- Order of El Nahda, 2nd Class (Hejaz) – 30 September 1920[76]
- Grand Cross, Order of George I with Swords (Greece) – 9 May 1941[77]
- Virtuti Militari, 5th Class (Poland) – 23 September 1941[78]
- War Cross, 1st Class (Greece) – 10 April 1942[79]
- Commander, Order of the Seal of Solomon (Ethiopia) – 5 May 1942[80]
- Grand Cross, Order of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands) – 15 January 1943[81]
- War Cross (Czechoslovakia) – 23 July 1943[82]
- Legion of Merit degree of Chief Commander (United States) – 23 July 1948[83]
Quotes[]
- "I think he (Benito Mussolini) must do something, if he cannot make a graceful dive he will at least have to jump in somehow; he can hardly put on his dressing-gown and walk down the stairs again."[84]
- "After the 'war to end war' they seem to have been pretty successful in Paris at making a 'Peace to end Peace.'"[85](commenting on the treaties ending the First World War; this quotation was the basis for the title of Fromkin, David (1989), A Peace to End All Peace, New York: Henry Holt, ISBN 0-8050-6884-8)
- "Let us be clear about three facts: First, all battles and all wars are won in the end by the infantryman. Secondly, the infantryman always bears the brunt. His casualties are heavier, he suffers greater extremes of discomfort and fatigue than the other arms. Thirdly, the art of the infantryman is less stereotyped and far harder to acquire in modern war than that of any other arm."[86]
Publications[]
- Books
- Tsar Nicholas II by Andrei Georgievich Elchaninov, translated by Archibald Percival Wavell. Hugh Rees. 1913.
- The Palestine Campaigns. London: Constable. 1933. OCLC 221723716.
- Allenby, a study in greatness: the biography of Field-Marshal Viscount Allenby of Megiddo and Felixstowe, G.C.B., G.C.M.G.. London: Harrap. 1940–43. OCLC 224016319. http://www.archive.org/details/allenbyastudying012106mbp.
- Generals and Generalship; the Lees Knowles lectures delivered at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1939. London: Times Publishing. 1941. OCLC 5176549.
- Soldiers and Soldiering; or, Epithets of war. London: J. Cape. 1953. OCLC 123277730.
- Other Men's Flowers; an anthology of poetry. London: J. Cape. 1977 [1944]. OCLC 10681637.
- Other Men's Flowers; an anthology of poetry (Memorial ed.). London: Pimlico. 1992 [1952].; "this first paperback edition contains not only Lord Wavell's own introduction and annotations, but also the introduction written by his son, to whom the book was originally dedicated".
- Allenby, Soldier and Statesman. London: White Lion. 1974 [1946]. ISBN 0-85617-408-4.
- Speaking Generally; broadcasts, orders and addresses in time of war (1939–43). London: Macmillan. 1946. OCLC 2172221.
- The Good Soldier. London: Macmillan. 1948. OCLC 6834669.
- Wavell: the Viceroy's Journal. London: Oxford University Press. 1973. ISBN 0-19-211723-8.
- Contributions to periodicals
- Official Middle East Despatches December 1940 to February 1941 published in "No. 37628". 25 June 1946. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37628/page/
- Official Middle East Despatches February 1941 to July 1941 published in "No. 37638". 2 July 1946. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37638/page/
- Official Iran, Iraq and Syria Despatches April 1941 to January 1942 published in "No. 37685". 13 August 1946. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37685/page/
- Official India Despatches March 1942 to December 1942 published in "No. 37728". 17 September 1946. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37728/page/
See also[]
- The Wavell School
Footnotes and citations[]
- footnotes
- citations
- ↑ Schofield 2006, p. 15
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Heathcote, p. 287
- ↑ Schofield 2006, p15
- ↑ "No. 27311". 7 May 1901. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27311/page/
- ↑ "No. 27710". 2 September 1904. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27710/page/
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell". Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/frames/fulldesc?inst_id=21&coll_id=227. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ↑ "No. 28221". 5 February 1909. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28221/page/
- ↑ Schofield 2006, p33
- ↑ "No. 28578". 6 February 1912. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28578/page/
- ↑ "No. 28597". 9 April 1912. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28597/page/
- ↑ "No. 28626". 12 July 1912. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28626/page/
- ↑ "No. 28720". 20 May 1913. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28720/page/
- ↑ Schofield 2006, p39
- ↑ Schofield 2006, p42-3
- ↑ "No. 28994". 1 December 1914. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28994/supplement/
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 "Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell". Unit histories. http://www.unithistories.com/units_index/default.asp?file=../officers/personsx.html. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ↑ "No. 29202". 22 June 1915. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29202/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 29389". 30 November 1915. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29389/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 29605". 30 May 1916. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29605/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 30002". 27 March 1917. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30002/page/
- ↑ "No. 30111". 1 June 1917. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30111/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 30178". 10 July 1917. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30178/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 30528". 15 February 1918. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30528/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 31893". 7 May 1920. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31893/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 32568". 5 January 1922. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32568/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 32728". 11 July 1922. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32728/page/
- ↑ "No. 32844". 13 July 1923. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32844/page/
- ↑ "No. 33123". 12 January 1926. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33123/page/
- ↑ "No. 33219". 9 November 1926. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33219/page/
- ↑ "No. 33623". 8 July 1930. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33623/page/
- ↑ "No. 33807". 11 March 1931. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33807/page/
- ↑ "No. 33992". 3 November 1933. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33992/page/
- ↑ "No. 33987". 17 October 1933. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33987/page/
- ↑ "No. 34015". 16 January 1934. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34015/page/
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 "No. 31093". 31 December 1918. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31093/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 34143". 19 March 1935. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34143/page/
- ↑ "No. 34430". 27 August 1937. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34430/page/
- ↑ "No. 34482". 15 February 1938. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34482/page/
- ↑ "No. 34506". 28 April 1938. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34506/page/
- ↑ "No. 34650". 1 August 1939. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34650/page/
- ↑ Playfair, Vol. I, page 63.
- ↑ Mead (2007), p. 473
- ↑ Mead (2007), pp. 473–475
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Mead (2007), p. 475
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Mead (2007), p. 476
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Mead (2007), p. 480
- ↑ Auchinleck, p. 4215
- ↑ "No. 35222". 18 July 1941. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35222/page/
- ↑ Klemen, L (1999-2000). "General Sir Archibald Percival Wavell". Dutch East Indies Campaign website. http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/wavell.html. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ↑ Allen, pp. 644–645
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Mead (2007), p. 478
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Mead (2007), p. 479
- ↑ "No. 35841". 29 December 1942. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35841/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 36105". 23 July 1943. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36105/page/
- ↑ "No. 36208". 12 October 1943. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36208/page/
- ↑ Heathcote, p. 290
- ↑ "No. 37956". 16 May 1947. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37956/page/
- ↑ Mead (2007), p. 481
- ↑ Frame, p. 90
- ↑ "Our War Leaders in Peacetime – Wavell in The War Illustrated, Volume 10, No. 237". 19 July 1946. p. 213. http://www.thewarillustrated.info/237/our-war-leaders-in-peacetime-wavell.asp. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ↑ "Lord Wavell, British War Leader, Dies". Oxnard Press-Courier. 24 May 1950. http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=rSFKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JCINAAAAIBAJ&pg=4965,2402085&dq=wavell+operation&hl=en. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ↑ "A Great Soldier Passes". British Pathé. http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=33810. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ↑ "Lord Wavell Given Hero’s Funeral In Heat Wave Like Africa Desert". The Montreal Gazette. 8 June 1950. http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=wS8rAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZZkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7233,5443259&dq=wavell+funeral&hl=en. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ↑ Schofield 2006, p394-5
- ↑ "History of St. Andrew's Garrison Church". St Andrew's Garrison Church, Aldershot. http://www.standrewsaldershot.co.uk/history2.htm. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ↑ "Wavell, Earl (UK, 1947 – 1953)". Cracroft's Peerage. http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/index1928.htm. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ↑ "No. 29202". 22 June 1915. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29202/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 35094". 4 March 1941. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35094/page/
- ↑ "No. 34585". 30 December 1938. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34585/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 34119". 28 December 1934. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34119/supplement/
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 "No. 36208". 12 October 1943. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36208/page/
- ↑ "No. 36315". 4 January 1944. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36315/page/
- ↑ "No. 29945". 13 August 1917. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29945/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 31890". 4 May 1920. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31890/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 31890". 7 May 1920. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31890/page/
- ↑ "No. 32069". 28 September 1920. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32069/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 35157". 9 May 1941. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35157/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 35282". 23 September 1941. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35282/page/
- ↑ "No. 35519". 7 April 1942. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35519/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 35546". 5 May 1942. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35546/page/
- ↑ "No. 35863". 12 January 1943. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35863/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 36103". 20 July 1943. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36103/supplement/
- ↑ "No. 38359". 23 July 1948. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38359/supplement/
- ↑ Quoted in Axelrod, p. 180
- ↑ Pagden, p. 407
- ↑ In Praise of Infantry, Field-Marshal Earl Wavell, "The Times", Thursday, 19 April 1945
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- Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: A biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II. Stroud (UK): Spellmount. pp. 544 pages. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.
- Pagden, Anthony (2008). Worlds at War: The 2,500-year Struggle between East and West. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-923743-2. http://books.google.ie/books?id=m80kwkt8YW4C&pg=PA407&dq=%22war+to+end+war%22+lloyd+george&hl=en&ei=Q6tzTKa8E8ebOJ7BoNoI&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22war%20to%20end%20war%22&f=false. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
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External links[]
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