| Signed | 21 July 1992 |
|---|---|
| Location | Zagreb, Croatia |
| Signatories | Alija Izetbegović, Franjo Tuđman |
| Parties |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina  Croatia |
The Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia was signed by Alija Izetbegović, President of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Franjo Tuđman, President of the Republic of Croatia, in Zagreb on 21 July 1992 during the Bosnian and Croatian wars for independence from Yugoslavia. It established cooperation, albeit inharmonious, between the two and served as a basis for joint defense against Serb forces. It also placed the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) under the command of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH).
Izetbegović, who had hoped to prevent Bosnia Herzegovina from falling under the influence of Croatia or Serbia, signed the agreement after Stjepan Kljuić, president of the Croatian Democratic Union's (HDZ) branch in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was replaced by Tuđman with Mate Boban, who blocked the delivery of supplies to Sarajevo where a siege was under way and had proclaimed an independent Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (HR-HB). The agreement fell apart in October after a number of events including the assassination of Blaž Kraljević, leader of Croatian Defence Forces (HOS) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the fall of the areas of Posavina, Bosanski Brod, and Jajce into the hands of the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS), and after a major battle broke out between the HVO and the ARBiH in Prozor.
Preparation for war[]
Captured Serb territory in the former Yugoslavia
In 1990 and 1991, Serbs in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina had proclaimed a number of "Serbian Autonomous Regions" with the intent of later unifying them to create a Greater Serbia. Serbs used the well equipped Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) in defending these territories.[1] As early as September or October 1990, the JNA had begun arming Bosnian Serbs and organizing them into militias. By March 1991, the JNA had distributed an estimated 51,900 firearms to Serb paramilitaries and 23,298 firearms to Serbian Democratic Party (SDS).[2] The Croatian government began arming Croats in the Herzegovina region in 1991 and in the start of 1992, expecting that the Serbs would spread the war into Bosnia and Herzegovina.[3] It also helped arm the Bosniak community. From July 1991 to January 1992, the JNA and Serb paramilitaries used Bosnian territory to wage attacks on Croatia.[4]
On 25 March 1991, Franjo Tuđman met with Serbian president Slobodan Milošević in Karađorđevo, reportedly to discuss partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[5][6] In November, the autonomous Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia (HZ-HB) was established, it claimed it had no secessionary goal and that it would serve a "legal basis for local self-administration". It vowed to respect the Bosnian government under the condition that Bosnia and Herzegovina was independent of "the former and every kind of future Yugoslavia."[7] In December, Tuđman, in a conversation with Bosnian Croat leaders, said that "from the perspective of sovereignty, Bosnia-Herzegovina has no prospects" and recommended that Croatian policy "support for the sovereignty [of Bosnia and Herzegovina] until such time as it no longer suits Croatia."[8]
In April 1992, the siege of Sarajevo began, by which time the Bosnian Serb-formed Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) controlled 70% of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[9] On 8 April, Bosnian Croats were organized into the Croatian Defence Council (HVO).[6] A sizable number of Bosniaks also joined.[3] The Croatian Defence Forces (HOS), led by Blaž Kraljević in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which "supported Bosnian territorial integrity much more consistently and sincerely than the HVO" was also created.[3] On 15 April 1992, the multi-ethnic Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) was formed, with slightly over two-thirds of troops consisting of Bosniaks and almost one-third of Croats and Serbs.[10] In the winter Bosniaks began leaving the HVO and joining the ARBiH which also began receiving supplies from Croatia.[6] In May, HVO Major General Ante Roso declared that the only "legal military force" in HZ-HB was the HVO and that "all orders from the TO [Territorial Defense] command [of Bosnia and Herzegovina] are invalid, and are to be considered illegal on this territory".[11]
Pressure and agreement[]
According to Stjepan Kljuić: "We [HDZ BiH] were the same party divided into two factions and between two states".[12]
The Croatian government played a "double game"[8] in Bosnia and Herzegovina and "a military solution required Bosnia as an ally, but a diplomatic solution required Bosnia as a victim".[13] Tuđman's Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) party held important positions in the Bosnian government including the premiership and the ministry of defence, but despite this carried out a separate policy and refused for the HVO to be integrated into ARBiH.[10] Jerko Doko, the Bosnian defence minister, gave the HVO priority in the acquisition of military weapons.[10] In January 1992, Tuđman had arranged for Stjepan Kljuić, president of the Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH) who favored cooperating with the Bosniaks towards a unified Bosnian state, to be ousted and replaced by Mate Boban, who favored Croatia to annex Croat-inhabited parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[14][6] A rift existed in the party between Croats from ethnically mixed areas of central and northern Bosnia and those from Herzegovina.[12]
Izetbegović came under intense pressure from Tuđman to agree for Bosnia and Herzegovina to be in a confederation with Croatia; however, Izetbegović wanted to prevent Bosnia and Herzegovina from coming under the influence of Croatia or Serbia. Because doing so would cripple reconciliation between Bosniaks and Serbs, make the return of Bosniak refugees to eastern Bosnia impossible and for other reasons, Izetbegović opposed. He received an ultimatum from Boban warning that if he did not proclaim a confederation with Tuđman that Croatian forces would not help defend Sarajevo from strongholds as close as 25 miles away.[15] On 9 May, Boban, Josip Manolić,[16] Tuđman's aide, and Radovan Karadžić, president of the self-proclaimed Republika Srpska, secretly met in Graz and formed an agreement on the division of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Graz agreement.[17][18] Beginning in June, discussions between Bosniaks and Croats over military cooperation and possible merger of their armies started to take place.[19] The Croatian government recommended moving ARBiH headquarters out of Sarajevo and closer to Croatia and pushed for its reorganization in an effort to heavily add Croatian influence.[20]
In June and July, Boban increased pressure "by blocking delivery of arms that the Sarajevo government, working around a United Nations embargo on all shipments to the former Yugoslavia, has secretly bought."[21] On 3 July, Boban declared the independence of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (HR-HB).[22][15] He was established as its president.[16] It claimed power over its own police, army, currency, and education and extended its grasp to many districts where Bosniaks were the majority. It only allowed a Croat flag to be used, the only currency allowed was the Croatian kuna, its only official language was Croatian, and a Croat school curriculum was enacted. Mostar, a town where Bosniaks constituted a slight majority, was set as the capital.[23] There was no mention on the defense of Bosnia and Herzegovina's territorial integrity.[24]
On 21 July, Izetbegović and Tuđman signed the "Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Croatia" in Zagreb, Croatia.[25] The agreement allowed them to "cooperate in opposing [the Serb] aggression" and coordinate military efforts.[26] It placed the HVO under the command of the ARBiH.[27] Cooperation was inharmonious, but enabled the transportation of weapons to ARBiH through Croatia in spite of the UN sanctioned arms embargo,[3] reopening channels blocked by Boban.[20] It established "economic, financial, cultural, educational, scientific and religious cooperation" between the signatories. It also stipulated that Bosnian Croats hold dual citizenship for both Bosnia and Herzegovina and for Croatia. This was criticized as Croatian attempts at "claiming broader political and territorial rights in the parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina where large numbers of Croats live". After its signature Boban vowed to Izetbegović that HR-HB would remain an integral part of Bosnia and Herzegovina when the war ended.[20]
Aftermath[]
"HOS, as a regular army in Bosnia-Herzegovina, will fight for the freedom and sovereignty of Bosnia-Herzegovina because it is our homeland [and will] not allow any divisions."
In the summer of 1992, the HVO started to purge its Bosniak members.[29] At the same time armed incidents started to occur among Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the HVO and the HOS.[30] The HOS was loyal to the Bosnian government and accepted subordination to the Staff of the ARBiH of which Kraljević was appointed a member.[31] On 9 August, Kraljević and eight of his staff were assassinated by HVO soldiers under the command of Mladen Naletilić,[14] who supported a split between Croat and Bosniaks,[32] after Kraljević's HOS attacked the VRS near Trebinje.[33] The HOS's advance into eastern Herzegovina and occupation of Trebinje angered Boban who had affirmed to Karadžić that Croat forces were uninterested in the region.[34] The HOS was disbanded, leaving the HVO as the only Croat force.[35] Bosnian officials suspected that Tuđman's government was involved.[33]
In late September, Izetbegović and Tuđman met again and attempted to create military coordination against the VRS, but to no avail.[11] By October, the agreement had collapsed and afterwards Croatia diverted delivery of weaponry to Bosnia and Herzegovina by seizing a significant amount for itself.[36] Boban had abandoned a Bosnian government alliance and ceased all hostilities with Karadžić.[37] The dominant Croatian–Bosnian defense of Posavina fell apart after Tuđman and/or Gojko Šušak[38][39] ordered the withdrawal of the Croatian Army, enabling the Serbs to gain control of the corridor and connect their captured territories in western and eastern Bosnia.[40] On 8 October, the town of Bosanski Brod was abandoned by the HVO and left to the VRS. The pullout appeared to be a quid pro quo for the JNA withdrawal from Dubrovnik's hinterland that took place in July.[40][41] On 9 October, the HVO signed a cease-fire with the VRS in Jajce in exchange for providing electricity.[11] On 29 October, the VRS captured Jajce due to the inability of ARBiH and HVO forces to construct a cooperative defense. Shortly after the first major battle in the impending Croat–Bosniak war broke out after the HVO pushed ARBiH from Prozor and expelled the Bosniak population.[40] About 300 Bosniaks were killed or wounded in the attack.[42]
See also[]
- Washington Agreement
- Split Agreement
- Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatia relations
Notes[]
- ↑ Lukic & Lynch 1996, p. 203.
- ↑ Ramet 2006, p. 414.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Goldstein 1999, p. 243.
- ↑ Lukic & Lynch 1996, p. 206.
- ↑ Ramet 2010, p. 263.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Tanner 2001, p. 286.
- ↑ Ramet 2010, p. 264.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ramet 2010, p. 265.
- ↑ Hoare 2010, p. 126.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Hoare 2010, p. 127.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Ramet 2006, p. 436.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Hockenos 2003, p. 92.
- ↑ Hoare March 1997, p. 127.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Ramet 2006, p. 343.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Burns 6 July 1992.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Toal & Dahlman 2011, p. 105.
- ↑ Williams 9 May 1992.
- ↑ Lukic & Lynch 1996, pp. 210-212.
- ↑ Burg & Shoup 1999, p. 227.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Burns 26 July 1992.
- ↑ Nizich 1992, p. 31.
- ↑ Udovički & Štitkovac 2000, p. 191.
- ↑ Tanner 2001, p. 287.
- ↑ Toal & Dahlman 2011, pp. 104-105.
- ↑ Trifunovska 1994, p. 656.
- ↑ Burns 21 July 1992.
- ↑ Ramet 2006, p. 463.
- ↑ Hoare 2004, p. 83.
- ↑ Lukic & Lynch 1996, p. 212.
- ↑ Lukic & Lynch 1996, pp. 215.
- ↑ Hoare 2004, p. 86.
- ↑ Zürcher 2003, p. 51.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Burns 22 October 1992.
- ↑ Glenny 1996, p. 196.
- ↑ Goldstein 1999, p. 245.
- ↑ Udovički & Štitkovac 2000, p. 192.
- ↑ Sells 1998, p. 96.
- ↑ Magaš January–July 2007.
- ↑ Šoštarić & Cvitić 30 January 2007.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Hoare 2010, p. 128.
- ↑ Burns 11 October 1992.
- ↑ Burns 27 October 1992.
References[]
- Books and journals
- Burg, Steven L.; Shoup, Paul S. (1999). The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-3189-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=-4eKmp_qu_QC&printsec=frontcover.
- Glenny, Misha (1996). The Fall of Yugoslavia: The Third Balkan War. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-025771-7.
- Goldstein, Ivo (1999). Croatia: A History. London: C. Hurst & Co.. ISBN 978-1-85065-525-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=pSxJdE4MYo4C&printsec=frontcover.
- Hoare, Marko Attila (March 1997). "The Croatian Project to Partition Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1990-1994". pp. 121–138.
- Hoare, Marko Attila (2004). How Bosnia Armed. London: Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0-86356-367-6.
- Hoare, Marko Attila (2010). "The War of Yugoslav Succession". In Ramet, Sabrina P.. Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–136. ISBN 978-1-139-48750-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&printsec=frontcover.
- Hockenos, Paul (2003). Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism and the Balkan Wars. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4158-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=e4pAs4JYSAMC&printsec=frontcover.
- Lukic, Reneo; Lynch, Allen (1996). Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-829200-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=WPhhLfp8huIC&printsec=frontcover.
- Magaš, Branka (January–July 2007). "Gojko Šušak's Gift to RS". Bosnian Institute. http://www.bosnia.org.uk/bosrep/report_format.cfm?articleid=3164&reportid=173.
- Nizich, Ivana (1992). War Crimes in Bosnia-Heczegovina. 1. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-083-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=nltdtAo38K0C&printsec=frontcover.
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34656-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&printsec=frontcover.
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2010). "Politics in Croatia since 1990". In Ramet, Sabrina P.. Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 258–285. ISBN 978-1-139-48750-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&printsec=frontcover.
- Sells, Michael Anthony (1998). The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92209-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=FAdxZ6F2uEAC&printsec=frontcover.
- Tanner, Marcus (2001). Croatia: A Nation Forged in War. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09125-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=sfcpsAoSoewC&printsec=frontcover.
- Toal, Gerard; Dahlman, Carl T. (2011). Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973036-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=Q1TrvGxJeasC&printsec=frontcover.
- Trifunovska, Snežana (1994). Yugoslavia Through Documents: From its Creation to its Dissolution. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7923-2670-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=PvjLRzgyKKkC&printsec=frontcover.
- Udovički, Jasminka; Štitkovac, Ejub (2000). "Bosnia and Hercegovina: The Second War". In Udovički, Jasminka; Ridgeway, James. Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 175–216. ISBN 978-0-8223-2590-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=DHMioF8-CewC&printsec=frontcover.
- Zürcher, Christoph (2003). Potentials of Disorder: Explaining Conflict and Stability in the Caucasus and in the Former Yugoslavia. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6241-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=_C6rxHwEkN4C&printsec=frontcover.
- News articles
- Burns, John F. (6 July 1992). "Croats Claim Their Own Slice of Bosnia". http://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/06/world/croats-claim-their-own-slice-of-bosnia.html?scp=9&sq=boban+bosnia&st=cse&pagewanted=all.
- Burns, John F. (21 July 1992). "U.N. Resumes Relief Flights to Sarajevo". http://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/22/world/un-resumes-relief-flights-to-sarajevo.html?pagewanted=all.
- Burns, John F. (26 July 1992). "Croatian Pact Holds Risks for Bosnians". http://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/26/world/croatian-pact-holds-risks-for-bosnians.html?pagewanted=all.
- Burns, John F. (11 October 1992). "Bosnia Loss Hints at Croat-Serb Deal". http://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/11/world/bosnia-loss-hints-at-croat-serb-deal.html?pagewanted=all.
- Burns, John F. (22 October 1992). "Serbs and Croats Now Join In Devouring Bosnia's Land". http://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/22/world/serbs-and-croats-now-join-in-devouring-bosnia-s-land.html?pagewanted=all.
- Burns, John F. (27 October 1992). "Attacks by Croatian Force Put New Strains on Bosnian Government's Unity". http://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/27/world/attacks-by-croatian-force-put-new-strains-on-bosnian-government-s-unity.html?pagewanted=all.
- Šoštarić, Eduard; Cvitić, Plamenko (30 January 2007). "Susak Handed Over the Posavina Region". http://www.nacional.hr/en/clanak/31294/susak-handed-over-the-posavina-region.
- Williams, Carol J. (9 May 1992). "Serbs, Croats Met Secretly to Split Bosnia". http://articles.latimes.com/1992-05-09/news/mn-1603_1_united-states.
The original article can be found at Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia and the edit history here.