Military Wiki
Don't have an account?
Register
Advertisement
Register
in: Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters, All articles with dead external links, Articles with dead external links from August 2014,
and 41 more

Abdullah Öcalan

Sign in to edit
Abdullah Öcalan
Abdullah Öcalan
Öcalan in 1997
Born 1946–1948
Ömerli, Turkey
Residence İmralı (prison island)
Nationality Kurdish/Turkish[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Citizenship Turkey
Education Ankara University, Faculty of Political Science[7]
Occupation Founder and leader of militant organization PKK,[8] political activist, writer, political theorist
Organization Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), Koma Civakên Kurdistan (KCK)
Spouse(s) Kesire Yıldırım (24 May 1978 – ?)
Relatives Dilek Öcalan (niece)
Osman Öcalan (brother)

Abdullah Öcalan (/ˈoʊdʒəlɑːn/ OH-jə-lahn;[9] Turkish: [œdʒaɫan]; born c. 1947), also known as Apo[9][10] (short for both Abdullah and "uncle" in Kurdish),[11][12] is a Kurdish leader, leftist political theoretician, political prisoner and one of the founding members of the militant Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).[13][14]

Öcalan was arrested in 1999 by the Turkish National Intelligence Agency (MIT) with the support of the CIA in Nairobi and taken to Turkey, where he was sentenced to death under Article 125 of the Turkish Penal Code, which concerns the formation of armed organisations.[15][16][17][18]

The sentence was commuted to aggravated life imprisonment when Turkey abolished the death penalty in support of its bid to be admitted to membership in the European Union. From 1999 until 2009, he was the sole prisoner[19] on İmralı island, in the Sea of Marmara.[20][21] Öcalan now argues that the period of armed warfare is past and a political solution to the Kurdish question should be developed.[22] The conflict between Turkey and the PKK has resulted in over 40,000 deaths, including PKK members, the Turkish military, and civilians, both Kurdish and Turkish.[23]

From prison, Öcalan has published several books, the most recent in 2015. Jineology, also known as the science of women, is a form of feminism advocated by Öcalan[24] and subsequently a fundamental tenet of the Apoist movement.[25]

Family[]

Öcalan was born in Ömerli,[26] a village in Halfeti, Şanlıurfa Province in eastern Turkey.[27] While some sources report his birthday as being 4 April 1948, no official birth records for him exist, and he himself claims not to know exactly when he was born, estimating the year to be 1946 or 1947.[28] He is the oldest of seven children.[29] According to some sources, Öcalan's grandmother was an ethnic Turk and (he once claimed that) his mother was also an ethnic Turk.[30][31] According to Amikam Nachmani, lecturer at the Bar-Ilan University in Israel, Öcalan did not know Kurdish when he met him in 1991. Nachmani: "He [Öcalan] told me that he speaks Turkish, gives orders in Turkish, and thinks in Turkish."[32]

Öcalan's brother Osman became a PKK commander, serving until defecting with several others to establish the Patriotic and Democratic Party of Kurdistan.[33] His other brother, Mehmet Öcalan, is a member of the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP).[34] Dilek Öcalan, a former parliamentarian of the HDP is his niece.[35] Ömer Öcalan, current member of parliament for the HDP is his nephew.[36][37]

Education and early political and revolutionary activity[]

After graduating from a vocational high school in Ankara (Turkish language: Ankara Tapu-Kadastro Meslek Lisesi), Öcalan started working at the Diyarbakir Title Deeds Office. He was relocated one month later to Bakırköy, Istanbul. Later, he entered the Istanbul Law Faculty but transferred after the first year to Ankara University to study political science.[38] His return to Ankara (normally impossible given his situation[notes 1]) was facilitated by the state in order to divide a militant group, Dev-Genç (Revolutionary Youth Federation of Turkey), of which Öcalan at the time was a member. President Süleyman Demirel later regretted this decision, since the PKK was to become a much greater threat to the state than Dev-Genç.[39] In 1972 he was detained due to a participation in a protest held against the killing of Mahir Çayan. For 7 months he was held at Mamak Prison.[40] In November 1973 the Ankara Democratic Association of Higher Education, (Ankara Demokratik Yüksek Öğrenim Demeği, ADYÖD) was founded and shortly after he was elected to join its board.[41] In December 1974 ADYÖD was closed down.[42]

In 1978, in the midst of the right- and left-wing conflicts which culminated in the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, Öcalan founded the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), which launched a war against the Turkish government in order to set up an independent Kurdish state.[26][43] In July 1979 he fled to Syria, where he remained until October 1998, when the Syrian government expelled him.[44]

Kurdish–Turkish conflict[]

Pkk supporters london april 2003

Öcalan supporters in London, April 2003

Main article: Kurdish–Turkish conflict

In 1984, the PKK initiated a campaign of armed conflict by attacking government forces[45][46][47][48] in Turkey as well as civilians[49][50][51] in order to create an independent Kurdish state. As a result, the United States, European Union, NATO, Syria, Australia, Turkey, and many other countries have included the PKK on their lists of terrorist organizations.[52][53][54]

Capture and trial[]

File:Cypruspassportofocalan.jpg

PKK leader Öcalan allegedly used this Cypriot passport to enter Kenya where he was taken in and protected by the Greek embassy.

File:Ocalan On Trial.jpg

Öcalan on trial in 1999

Until 1998, Öcalan was based in Syria. On at least one occasion, in 1993, he was detained and held by Syria's General Intelligence Directorate but later released.[55] As the situation deteriorated in Turkey, the Turkish government openly threatened Syria over its support for the PKK.[56] As a result, the Syrian government forced Öcalan to leave the country but did not turn him over to the Turkish authorities. Öcalan went to Russia first and from there moved to various countries, including Italy and Greece. In 1998 the Turkish government requested the extradition of Öcalan from Italy.[57] He was at that time defended by Britta Böhler, a high-profile German attorney who argued that he fought a legitimate struggle against the oppression of ethnic Kurds.

He was captured in Kenya on 15 February 1999, while being transferred from the Greek embassy to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, in an operation by the Millî İstihbarat Teşkilâtı (Turkish National Intelligence Organization) reportedly with the help of the CIA.[58] George Costoulas, the Greek consul who protected him, said that his own life was in danger after the operation.[59]

Speaking to Can Dündar on NTV Turkey, the Deputy Undersecretary of the Turkish National Intelligence Organization, Cevat Öneş, said that Öcalan impeded American aspirations of establishing a separate Kurdish state. The Americans transferred him to the Turkish authorities, who flew him back to Turkey for trial.[60] His capture led thousands of Kurds to protest at Greek and Israeli embassies around the world. Kurds living in Germany were threatened with deportation if they continued to hold demonstrations in support of Öcalan. The warning came after three Kurds were killed and 16 injured during the 1999 attack on the Israeli consulate in Berlin.[61][62]

After his capture, Öcalan was held in solitary confinement as the only prisoner on İmralı island in the Sea of Marmara. Although former prisoners at İmralı were transferred to other prisons, more than 1,000 Turkish military personnel were stationed on the island to guard him. A state security court consisting of three military judges was convened on the island to try him. Öcalan was charged with treason and separatism and sentenced to death on 29 June 1999.[63] He was also banned from holding public office for life.[64] In January 2000 the Turkish government declared the death sentence was delayed until European Court of Human Rights EU reviewed the verdict.[65] Upon the abolition of the death penalty in Turkey in August 2002,[66] in October of that year, the security court commuted his sentence to life imprisonment.[67] The Kurdish Human Rights Project (KHRP) may have aided this case's decision.[68]

Following the commutation, Öcalan remained imprisoned on İmralı, and was the sole inmate there. In November 2009, Turkish authorities announced that Öcalan would be relocated to a new prison on the island and that they were ending his solitary confinement by transferring several other PKK prisoners to İmralı. They said that Öcalan would be allowed to see them for ten hours a week. The new prison was built after the Council of Europe's Committee for the Prevention of Torture visited the island and objected to the conditions in which he was being held.[69][70]

In 2005, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Turkey had violated articles 3, 5, and 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights by refusing to allow Öcalan to appeal his arrest and by sentencing him to death without a fair trial.[71] Öcalan's request for a retrial was refused by Turkish courts.[72]

Detention conditions[]

From 27 July 2011 until the 2 May 2019 his lawyers have not been allowed to see Abdullah Öcalan.[73] From July 2011 until December 2017 his lawyers filed more than 700 appeals for visits, but all were rejected.[74] There are regular demonstrations held by the Kurdish community to raise awareness of the isolation of Öcalan.[75] In October 2012 several hundred Kurdish political prisoners went on hunger strike for better detention conditions for Öcalan and the right to use the Kurdish language in education and jurisprudence. The hunger strike lasted 68 days until Öcalan demanded its end.[76] Öcalan was banned from receiving visits almost two years from 6 October 2014 until 11 September 2016, when his brother Mehmet Öcalan visited him for Eid al-Adha.[77] On 6 September 2018 visits from lawyers were banned for six months due to former punishments he received in the years 2005–2009, the fact that the lawyers made their conversations with Ocalan public, and the impression that Öcalan was leading the PKK through communications with his lawyers.[73] He was again banned from receiving visits until 12 January 2019 when his brother was permitted to visit him a second time. His brother said his health was good.[78] The ban on the visitation of his lawyers was lifted in April 2019, and Öcalan saw his lawyers on 2 May 2019.[73]

Legal prosecution of sympathizers of Abdullah Öcalan[]

In 2008, the Justice Minister of Turkey, Mehmet Ali Sahin, said that between 2006 and 2007, 949 people were convicted and more than 7,000 people prosecuted for calling Öcalan "esteemed" (Sayın).[79]

Proposal for political solution[]

Template:Turkey–PKK peace process In 1993, upon request of Turkish president Turgut Özal, Öcalan Jalal Talabani for negotiations following which Öcalan declared a unilateral cease fire which had a duration from 20 March to the 15 April.[80][81] Later he prolonged it in order to enable negotiations. Soon after Özal died on 17 April 1993,[82] the initiative was halted by Turkey on the grounds that Turkey did not negotiate with terrorists.[80] After his capture, Öcalan called for a halt in PKK attacks, and he has advocated a peaceful solution to the Kurdish conflict inside the borders of Turkey.[83][84][85][86][87] Öcalan called for the foundation of a "Truth and Justice Commission" by Kurdish institutions in order to investigate war crimes committed by both the PKK and Turkish security forces. A similar structure began functioning in May 2006.[88] In March 2005, Öcalan issued the Declaration of Democratic confederalism in Kurdistan[89] calling for a border-free confederation between the Kurdish regions of Southeastern Turkey (called "Northern Kurdistan" by Kurds[90]), Northeast Syria ("Western Kurdistan"), Northern Iraq ("South Kurdistan"), and Northwestern Iran ("East Kurdistan"). In this zone, three bodies of law would be implemented: EU law, Turkish/Syrian/Iraqi/Iranian law and Kurdish law. This proposal was adopted by the PKK programme following the "Refoundation Congress" in April 2005.[91]

Öcalan had his lawyer, Ibrahim Bilmez,[92] release a statement on 28 September 2006 calling on the PKK to declare a ceasefire and seek peace with Turkey. Öcalan's statement said, "The PKK should not use weapons unless it is attacked with the aim of annihilation," and "it is very important to build a democratic union between Turks and Kurds. With this process, the way to democratic dialogue will be also opened".[93]

On 31 May 2010, however, Öcalan said he was abandoning the ongoing dialogue with Turkey, as "this process is no longer meaningful or useful". Öcalan stated that Turkey had ignored his three protocols for negotiation: (a) his terms of health and security, (b) his release, and (c) a peaceful resolution to the Kurdish issue in Turkey. Though the Turkish government had received Öcalan's protocols, they were never released to the public. Öcalan said he would leave the top PKK commanders in charge of the conflict, but that this should not be misinterpreted as a call for the PKK to intensify its armed conflict with Turkey.[94][95]

In 2013, Öcalan initiated new peace negotiations. On 21 March of that year, Öcalan declared a ceasefire between the PKK and the Turkish state. Öcalan's statement was read to hundreds of thousands of Kurds in Diyarbakir who had gathered to celebrate the Kurdish New Year. The statement said in part, "Let guns be silenced and politics dominate... a new door is being opened from the process of armed conflict to democratization and democratic politics. It's not the end. It's the start of a new era."[96] Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan welcomed the statement, and hope for a peaceful settlement was raised on both sides.

Soon after Öcalan's declaration, the functional head of the PKK, Murat Karayılan responded by promising to implement a ceasefire, stating, "Everyone should know the PKK is as ready for peace as it is for war".

Democratic confederalism[]

Since his incarceration, Öcalan has significantly changed his ideology through exposure to Western social theorists such as Murray Bookchin (who Öcalan calls "a prophet"), Immanuel Wallerstein, Fernand Braudel, and Friedrich Nietzsche.[97][98] Drawing heavily on Bookchin's libertarian socialist idea of communalism,[99] Öcalan fashioned his ideal society called "democratic confederalism".

Democratic confederalism is a "system of popularly elected administrative councils, allowing local communities to exercise autonomous control over their assets, while linking to other communities via a network of confederal councils."[100] Decisions are made by communes in each neighborhood, village, or city. All are welcome to partake in the communal councils, but political participation is not mandated. There is no private property, but rather “ownership by use, which grants individuals usage rights to the buildings, land, and infrastructure, but not the right to sell and buy on the market or convert them to private enterprises.”[100] The economy is in the hands of the communal councils, and is thus (in the words of Bookchin) ‘neither collectivised nor privatised - it is common.’[100] Feminism, ecology, and direct democracy are essential in democratic confederalism.[101]

With his 2005 "Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan", Öcalan advocated for a Kurdish implementation of Bookchin's The Ecology of Freedom via municipal assemblies as a democratic confederation of Kurdish communities beyond the state borders of Syria, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. Öcalan promoted a platform of shared values: environmentalism, self-defense, gender equality, and a pluralistic tolerance for religion, politics, and culture. While some of his followers questioned Öcalan's conversion from Marxism–Leninism, the PKK adopted Öcalan's proposal and began to form assemblies.[102]

In early 2004, Öcalan attempted to arrange a meeting with Murray Bookchin through Öcalan's lawyers, describing himself as Bookchin's "student" eager to adapt Bookchin's thought to Middle Eastern society. Bookchin was too ill to meet with Öcalan. In May 2004 Bookchin conveyed this message "My hope is that the Kurdish people will one day be able to establish a free, rational society that will allow their brilliance once again to flourish. They are fortunate indeed to have a leader of Mr. Öcalan's talents to guide them". When Bookchin died in 2006, the PKK hailed the American thinker as "one of the greatest social scientists of the 20th century" and vowed to put his theories into practice.[99]

Followers of Öcalan and members of the PKK are known by his diminutive name as Apocu (Apo-ites), and his movement is known as Apoculuk (Apoism).[103]

Honorary citizenships[]

Several localities have awarded him with an honorary citizenship:

Publications[]

Commons-Logo Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Abdullah Öcalan.

Öcalan is the author of more than 40 books, four of which were written in prison. Many of the notes taken from his weekly meetings with his lawyers have been edited and published.

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ↑ Normally, students can only transfer between like departments, otherwise the student must retake the university entrance exam. Moreover, Öcalan was awarded a scholarship by the Ministry of Finance, despite being ineligible due to his age, and the fact that he had participated in political demonstrations. He had also been tried and acquitted by a martial law court. The public prosecutor had asked for the harshest possible sentence.
  2. ↑ A PDF of the book is available here at the International Initiative website

References[]

  1. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Profile: Abdullah Ocalan ( Greyer and tempered by long isolation, PKK leader is braving the scepticism of many Turks, and some of his own fighters)". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/03/201332114565201776.html. 
  2. ↑ R. McHugh, ‘Ocalan, Abdullah (1948—)
  3. ↑ Özcan, Ali Kemal. Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Öcalan. London: Routledge, 2005.
  4. ↑ Phillips, David L. (2017) (in en). The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East. Routledge. ISBN 9781351480369. https://books.google.com/?id=nh8xDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT60&dq=Abdullah%20%C3%B6calan%20%22turkish%20mother%22&pg=PT60#v=onepage&q=Abdullah%20%C3%B6calan%20%22turkish%20mother%22&f=false. 
  5. ↑ Hudson, Rex A. (2018) (in en). Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why?: The Psychology and Sociology of Terrorism. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781510726246. https://books.google.com/?id=nx3XDgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT121&dq=Abdullah%20%C3%B6calan%20%22turkish%20mother%22&pg=PT121#v=onepage&q=Abdullah%20%C3%B6calan%20%22turkish%20mother%22&f=false. 
  6. ↑ Butler Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£, Daren (21 March 2013). "Kurdish rebel chief Ocalan dons mantle of peacemaker" (in en). https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-kurds-ocalan/kurdish-rebel-chief-ocalan-dons-mantle-of-peacemaker-idUKBRE92K0KG20130321. 
  7. ↑ Öcalan, Abdullah (2015). Capitalism: The Age of Unmasked Gods and Naked Kings. New Compass. p. 115. 
  8. ↑ Paul J. White, Primitive rebels or revolutionary modernizers?: The Kurdish national movement in Turkey, Zed Books, 2000, "Professor Robert Olson, University of Kentucky"
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Political Violence against Americans 1999. Bureau of Diplomatic Security. December 2000. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-4289-6562-1. 
  10. ↑ "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325238/Kurdistan-Workers-Party-PKK#ref1106877. Retrieved 25 July 2013. 
  11. ↑ Mango, Andrew (2005). Turkey and the War on Terror: 'For Forty Years We Fought Alone'. Routledge: London. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-203-68718-5. "The most ruthless among them was Abdullah Öcalan, known as Apo (a diminutive for Abdullah; the word also means 'uncle' in Kurdish)." 
  12. ↑ Jongerden, Joost (2007). The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatical Policies, Modernity and War. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. p. 57. ISBN 9789004155572. "In 1975 the group settled on a name, the Kurdistan Revolutionaries (Kurdistan Devrimcileri), but others knew them as Apocu, followers of Apo, the nickname of Abdullah Öcalan (apo is also Kurdish for uncle)." 
  13. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (27 April 2005). "Chapter 6—Terrorist Groups". Country Reports on Terrorism. United States Department of State. https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2006/82738.htm. Retrieved 23 July 2008. 
  14. ↑ Powell, Colin (5 October 2001). "2001 Report on Foreign Terrorist Organizations". Foreign Terrorist Organizations. Washington, DC: Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. State Department. https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/fto/2001/5258.htm. 
  15. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Fiasco in Nairobi". https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no1/fiasco-in-nairobi.html. Retrieved 24 May 2016. 
  16. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (2013-02-22). "Abdullah Ocalan: Is the Famed Kurdish Leader a Double Agent Working for Turkish Intelligence against His Own Party, the PKK?". International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.com/abdullah-ocalan-famed-kurdish-leader-double-agent-working-turkish-intelligence-against-his-own-party. Retrieved 24 May 2016. 
  17. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (10 July 2008). "Abdullah Öcalan'ı kim yakaladı?". http://www.gazetevatan.com/abdullah-ocalan-i-kim-yakaladi--188558-gundem/. Retrieved 24 May 2016. 
  18. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Greek Intelligence and the Capture of PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan in 1999". https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no1/pdfs/U-%20Varouhakis-The%20Case%20of%20Ocalan.pdf. 
  19. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (24 March 1999). "Prison island trial for Ocalan". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/303045.stm. 
  20. ↑ Marlies Casier, Joost Jongerden, Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue, Taylor & Francis, 2010, p. 146.
  21. ↑ Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly Documents 1999 Ordinary Session (fourth part, September 1999), Volume VII, Council of Europe, 1999, p. 18
  22. ↑ Mag. Katharina Kirchmayer, The Case of the Isolation Regime of Abdullah Öcalan: A Violation of European Human Rights Law and Standards?, GRIN Verlag, 2010, p. 37
  23. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (16 September 2008). "Bir dönemin acı bilançosu" (in tr). Hürriyet. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/9914612.asp?gid=0&srid=0&oid=0&l=1. Retrieved 17 September 2008. 
  24. ↑ Argentieri, Benedetta (3 February 2015). "One group battling Islamic State has a secret weapon – female fighters". Reuters. http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2015/02/03/the-pro-woman-ideology-battling-islamic-state/. Retrieved 24 November 2016. 
  25. ↑ Lau Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£, Anna; Baran, Erdelan; Sirinathsingh, Melanie (18 November 2016). "A Kurdish response to climate change". openDemocracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/anna-lau-erdelan-baran-melanie-sirinathsingh/kurdish-response-to-climate-change. Retrieved 24 November 2016. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 [dead link]
  27. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "A Short Biography". http://www.pkkonline.com/en/index.php?sys=article&artID=22. 
  28. ↑ Kutschera, Chris (1999). "Abdullah Ocalan's Last Interview". http://www.chris-kutschera.com/A/Ocalan%20Last%20Interview.htm. 
  29. ↑ Aliza Marcus, Blood and Belief, New York University Press, 2007. (p.16)
  30. ↑ Blood and Belief: The Pkk and the Kurdish Fight for Independence, by Aliza Marcus, p.15, 2007
  31. ↑ Perceptions: journal of international affairs – Volume 4, no.1, SAM (Center), 1999, p.142
  32. ↑ Turkey: Facing a New Millennium: Coping With Intertwined Conflicts, Amikam Nachmani, p.210, 2003
  33. ↑ Kutschera, Chris (July 2005). "PKK dissidents accuse Abdullah Ocalan". http://www.chris-kutschera.com/A/pkk_dissidents.htm. 
  34. ↑ "BDP wants autonomy for Kurds in new Constitution", Hürriyet Daily News, 4 September 2011
  35. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (1 March 2018). "HDP MP Dilek Öcalan Sentenced to 2 Years, 6 Months in Prison". https://m.bianet.org/english/politics/194777-hdp-mp-dilek-ocalan-sentenced-to-2-years-6-months-in-prison. 
  36. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "HDP Urfa candidate, Öcalan: We are a house for all peoples" (in en). https://anfenglish.com/news/hdp-urfa-candidate-Oecalan-we-are-a-house-for-all-peoples-27302. 
  37. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Different identities enter Parliament with the HDP" (in en). https://anfenglish.com/features/different-identies-enter-parliament-with-the-hdp-27719. 
  38. ↑ Koru, Fehmi (8 June 1999). "Too many questions, but not enough answers". Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-513250. 
  39. ↑ Nevzat Cicek Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (31 July 2008). "'Pilot Necati' sivil istihbaratçıymış" (in tr). Taraf. http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber.asp?id=13608. "Abdullah Öcalan'ın İstanbul'dan Ankara'ya gelmesine keşke izin verilmeseydi. O zamanlar Dev-Genç'i bölmek için böyle bir yol izlendi... Kürt gençlerini Marksistler'in elinden kurtarmak ve Dev-Genç'in bölünmesi hedeflendi. Bunda başarılı olundu olunmasına ama Abdullah Öcalan yağdan kıl çeker gibi kaydı gitti. Keşke Tuzluçayır'da öldürülseydi!" 
  40. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Who is who in Turkish politics". pp. 11–13. https://tr.boell.org/sites/default/files/ays-tarihvakfi-18x24-boll-r7-eng.pdf. 
  41. ↑ Jongerden, Joost; Akkaya, Ahmet Hamdi (2012-06-01). "The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey: Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK's memorial text on Haki Karer" (in en). ISSN 1773-0546. http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4613. 
  42. ↑ Jongerden, Joost; Akkaya, Ahmet Hamdi (2012-06-01). "The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey: Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK’s memorial text on Haki Karer" (in en). ISSN 1773-0546. http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4613. 
  43. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (31 May 1999). "Kurdish leader Ocalan apologizes during trial". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9905/31/ocalan.02/. 
  44. ↑ Andrew Mango (2005). Turkey and the War on Terror: For Forty Years We Fought Alone (Contemporary Security Studies). Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-415-35002-0. http://bookzz.org/ireader/889212. Retrieved 24 September 2015. 
  45. ↑ Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Workers' Party of Kurdistan (PKK), Federation of American Scientists
  46. ↑ Letter to Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema, Human Rights Watch, 21 November 1998
  47. ↑ Turkey: No security without human rights Archived 5 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Amnesty International, October 1996
  48. ↑ Special Report: Terrorism in Turkey Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Ulkumen Rodophu, Jeffrey Arnold and Gurkan Ersoy, 6 February 2004
  49. ↑ [1] Archived 16 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine., Four civilians die in PKK attack in SE Turkey
  50. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Pro-PKK protesters attack civilians, Turkey captures senior PKK member". http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId%3D264828. 
  51. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Batman baby dies after PKK attack, civilian death toll rises to three". http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId%3D258197. 
  52. ↑ Foreign Terrorist Organizations U.S. Department of State, 28 September 2012
  53. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "MFA – A Report on the PKK and Terrorism". http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/mfa-t-pkk.htm. Retrieved 23 January 2015. 
  54. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Turco-Syrian Treaty". http://www.ict.org.il/articles/syria-turkey.htm. , 20 October 1998
  55. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (1993-12-16). "(unknown original Turkish title)" (in Turkish). translated by Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 72. FBIS-WEU-93-240. 
  56. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£; BB Coskun (2011). "The PKK problem: Explaining Turkey's failure to develop a political solution". https://wiki.zirve.edu.tr/sandbox/groups/economicsandadministrativesciences/wiki/52058/attachments/387bf/Week4.pdf?sessionID=cb5e8fbb6733b16789a0ffb6bbc66d7c647ec52c. Retrieved 13 July 2016. [dead link]
  57. ↑ Italian diplomacy tries to free herself from the tangle in which it is located, between Turks and Kurds, " internationalizing " the crisis:Buonomo Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£, Giampiero (2000). "Ocalan: la suggestiva strategia turca per legittimare la pena capitale". https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89262141.  – via Questia (subscription required)
  58. ↑ Weiner, Tim Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (20 February 1999). "U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel". The New York Times. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E3D8143DF933A15751C0A96F958260. Retrieved 15 December 2007. 
  59. ↑ Ünlü, Ferhat (17 July 2007). "Türkiye Öcalan için Kenya'ya para verdi" (in tr). Sabah. http://www.sabah.com.tr/2007/07/17/haber,025EFB746B684ED8B16B1759BE71DE6F.html. 
  60. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (15 October 2008). "Öcalan bağımsız devlete engeldi" (in tr). Vatan. http://haber.vatanim.com.tr/haberdetay.asp?detay=Kurt_sorununun_cozumu_teroru_bitirir_203724_1&Newsid=203724. "Öcalan yakalandığında ABD, bağımsız bir devlet kurma isteğindeydi. Öcalan, konumu itibariyle, araç olma işlevi bakımından buna engel bir isimdi. ABD bölgede yeni bir Kürt devleti kurabilmek için Öcalan'ı Türkiye'ye teslim etti." 
  61. ↑ "Kurds seize embassies, wage violent protests across Europe", CNN.com, 17 February 1999
  62. ↑ Yannis Kontos, "Kurd Akar Sehard Azir, 33, sets himself on fire during a demonstration outside the Greek Parliament in Central Athens, Greece, on Monday, 15 February 1999", Photostory, July 1999
  63. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "The Argus-Press – Google News Archive Search". https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=19990629&id=uEYiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pKwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1200,5352234&hl=en. Retrieved 24 May 2016. 
  64. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (29 June 1999). "Text of the Ocalan verdict". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/monitoring/380845.stm. Retrieved 11 January 2008. 
  65. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (12 January 2000). "Turkey delays execution of Kurdish rebel leader Ocalan". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 May 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060526031932/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/01/12/ocalan.01/. Retrieved 11 January 2008. 
  66. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (3 August 2002). "Turkey abolishes death penalty". https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-abolishes-death-penalty-171956.html. 
  67. ↑ Luban, David (2014-07-11) (in en). International and Transnational Criminal Law. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. ISBN 9781454848509. https://books.google.com/?id=NAXfDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT433&lpg=PT433&dq=%C3%B6calans+sentence+commuted+to+life+in+prison#v=onepage&q=%C3%B6calans%20sentence%20commuted%20to%20life%20in%20prison&f=false. 
  68. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (21 September 2010). "Future of justice, equality and the rule of law". Kurdish advocacy. London: Kurdish Human Rights Project. http://www.khrp.org/. 
  69. ↑ Villelabeitia, Ibon (18 November 2009). "Company at last for Kurdish inmate alone for ten years". The Scotsman. http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/world/Company-at-last-for-Kurdish.5833050.jp. 
  70. ↑ Erduran, Esra (10 November 2009). "Turkey building new prison for PKK members". Southeast European Times. http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2009/11/10/feature-02. 
  71. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "HUDOC Search Page". http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=773602&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649. Retrieved 23 January 2015. 
  72. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "There will absolutely be no retrial for Abdullah Öcalan". https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2013/03/29/justice-minister-abdullah-ocalan-will-in-no-way-be-given-a-retrial. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Öcalan-Anwälte: Kontaktverbot faktisch in Kraft" (in de). https://anfdeutsch.com/aktuelles/Oecalan-anwaelte-kontaktverbot-faktisch-in-kraft-11430. 
  74. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Lawyers' appeal to visit Öcalan rejected for the 710th time" (in en). ANF News. https://anfenglish.com/human-rights/lawyers-appeal-to-visit-Oecalan-rejected-for-the-710th-time-23510. 
  75. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Demonstrations for Öcalan in Europe". https://anfenglish.com/news/demonstrations-for-Oecalan-in-europe-28818. Retrieved 27 December 2018. 
  76. ↑ White, Paul (2015). The PKK. London: Zed Books. p. 88. ISBN 9781783600373. 
  77. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (2016-09-12). "Inhaftierter PKK-Chef: Erstmals seit zwei Jahren Familienbesuch für Öcalan". Spiegel Online. http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/abdullah-oecalan-inhaftierter-pkk-chef-darf-nach-zwei-jahren-besuch-empfangen-a-1111890.html. 
  78. ↑ Kurdistan24. "PKK's Ocalan visited by family in Turkish prison, first time in years" (in en). http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/5c5849bf-3f4b-48fb-8c79-0f61260c3a8c. 
  79. ↑ Gunes, Cengiz; Zeydanlioglu, Welat (2013-09-23) (in en). The Kurdish Question in Turkey: New Perspectives on Violence, Representation, and Reconciliation. Routledge. ISBN 9781135140632. https://books.google.com/?id=UVn7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=calling+%C3%B6calan+Sayin+illegal#v=onepage&q=calling%20%C3%B6calan%20Sayin%20illegal&f=false. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 (in de) Nahost Jahrbuch 1993: Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Nordafrika und dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten. Springer-Verlag. 2013-03-09. pp. 21. ISBN 9783322959683. 
  81. ↑ White, Paul J. (2000). "Appendix 2". Primitive Rebels Or Revolutionary Modernizers?: The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey. London: Zed Books. pp. 223–. ISBN 978-1-85649-822-7. OCLC 1048960654. https://books.google.com/books?id=a80KQ4jdOeUC&pg=PA223. Retrieved 5 December 2019. 
  82. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (1993-04-19). "Obituary: Turgut Ozal" (in en). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-turgut-ozal-1456191.html. 
  83. ↑ REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE KURDISH QUESTION IN TURKEY by the international delegation of human rights lawyers, January 1997
  84. ↑ Interview with Abdullah Ocalan "Our First Priority Is Diplomacy" Archived 8 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Middle East Insight magazine, January 1999
  85. ↑ Kurdistan Turkey: Abdullah Ocalan, The End of a Myth? The Middle East magazine, February 2000
  86. ↑ Abdullah Öcalan proposes 7-point peace plan Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Kurdistan Informatie Centrum Nederland
  87. ↑ van Bruinessen, Martin. Turkey, Europe and the Kurds after the capture of Abdullah Öcalan 1999
  88. ↑ Öldürülen imam ve 10 korucunun itibarı iade edildi Archived 8 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine., ANF News Agency, 30 May 2006.
  89. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (9 January 2009). "PKK ilk adına döndü" (in tr). Hürriyet. http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2005/04/04/622724.asp. 
  90. ↑ PKK Program (1995) Kurdish Library, 24 January 1995
  91. ↑ PKK Yeniden İnşa Bildirgesi Archived 6 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. PKK web site, 20 April 2005
  92. ↑ Kurdish leader calls for cease-fire Archived 24 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. NewsFlash
  93. ↑ Kurdish rebel boss in truce plea, BBC News
  94. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "TURKEY – PKK steps up attacks in Turkey". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=pkk-steps-up-attacks-in-turkey-2010-05-30. Retrieved 23 January 2015. 
  95. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Hürriyet - Haberler, Son Dakika Haberleri ve Güncel Haber". http://haber.ekolay.net/haber/3/1007462/Kandil-kabul-etti-Ankara-reddetti.aspx. 
  96. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (2013-03-21). "Inhaftierter Kurden-Chef stößt Tür zum Frieden auf" (in de). Reuters. https://de.reuters.com/article/trkei-kurden-idDEBEE92K03D20130321. 
  97. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "abdullah-ocalan.com". http://www.abdullah-ocalan.com/index1.htm. 
  98. ↑ Tarihli Görüşme Notları Archived 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. PWD-Kurdistan, 16 March 2005
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 Biehl, Janet (16 February 2012). "Bookchin, Öcalan, and the Dialectics of Democracy". New Compass. http://new-compass.net/articles/bookchin-öcalan-and-dialectics-democracy. Retrieved 27 January 2014. 
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 100.2 Paul White, "Democratic Confederalism and the PKK's Feminist Transformation," in The PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains (London: Zed Books, 2015), pp. 126–149.
  101. ↑ Öcalan, Abdullah (2011). Democratic Confederalism. London: Transmedia Publishing Ltd.. pp. 21. ISBN 978-3-941012-47-9. 
  102. ↑ Enzinna Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£, Wes (2015-11-24). "A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS’ Backyard". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html. 
  103. ↑ Andrew Mango (2005). Turkey and the War on Terror: For Forty Years We Fought Alone. Taylor & Francis. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-415-35002-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9lfQvRL7J4C&pg=PA32. 
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 104.3 Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "'Öcalan factor' in the Italian debate | Ahval" (in German). https://ahvalnews.com/italy-turkey/ocalan-factor-italian-debate. 
  105. ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (1999-03-29). "SPIEGEL-GESPRÄCH: "Öcalan war eine heiße Kartoffel"" (in German). http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-10630215.html. 
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Il Molise per il Kurdistan e per la pace: Castelbottaccio e Castel del Giudice danno la cittadinanza onoraria ad Abdullah Öcalan" (in it-IT). https://www.ilbenecomune.it/2018/05/02/il-molise-per-il-kurdistan-e-per-la-pace-castelbottaccio-e-castel-del-giudice-danno-la-cittadinanza-onoraria-ad-abdullah-ocalan/. Retrieved 2018-10-22. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£. "Martano: cittadinanza onoraria a Ocalan" (in German). http://www.ilgallo.it/dai-comuni/martano/martano-cittadinanza-onoraria-a-ocalan/. 
  108. ↑ Redazione. "Berceto (PR) Cittadinanza onoraria per Abdullah Öcalan" (in it-it). http://gazzettadellemilia.it/cronaca/item/25274-berceto-pr-cittadinanza-onoraria-per-abdullah-öcalan.html. 
  109. ↑ Ocalan, Abdullah."Democratic Confederalism. Transmedia Publishing Ltd., 2011. p. 21.

Further reading[]

  • Kurd Locked in Solitary Cell Holds Key to Turkish Peace 15 March 2013 Wall Street Journal
  • Özcan, Ali Kemal (2005). Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36687-9.
  • "Greece and the Middle East." Spiros Ch. Kaminaris, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Volume 3, Number 2 (June 1999).

External links[]

Wikiquote-logo-en Wikiquote has media related to: Abdullah Öcalan
All or a portion of this article consists of text from Wikipedia, and is therefore Creative Commons Licensed under GFDL.
The original article can be found at Abdullah Öcalan and the edit history here.
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
Advertisement

Fan Feed