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'''''The Aba Women's Riot''''' started in November 1929, when thousands of Igbo women from the [[Bende, Abia|Bende District]] of Nigeria, the nearby [[Umuahia]] and other places in eastern Nigeria traveled to Oloko to protest against the [[Warrant Chiefs]], whom they accused of restricting the role of women in the government. This incident become known as the ''Igbo Women's War of 1929'' (or "Ogu Ndem," Women's War, in Igbo). It was organized and led by the rural women of [[Owerri]] and Calabar provinces. During the events, many Warrant Chiefs were forced to resign and sixteen [[Native Court]]s were attacked, most of which were destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Birrell Gray Commission, p. 43; Public Records Office, CO583/169/3, Sessional Paper No. 12|url=http://jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu/~plarson/syllabi/122/reading/igbo/igbo.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060907025858/http://jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu/~plarson/syllabi/122/reading/igbo/igbo.htm|archivedate=7-9-2006|year=1929}}</ref> {{failed verification|date=October 2014}}

==Events and causes==
The women's revolt of 1929 was sparked by a dispute between a woman named Nwanyereuwa and a man, Mark Emereuwa, who was helping to make a census of the people living in the town controlled by the Warrant, Okugo. Nwanyeruwa was of [[Ngwa]] ancestry, and had been married in the town of [[Oloko]]. In Oloko, the census was related to taxation, and women in the area were worried about who would tax them, especially during the period of hyperinflation in the late 1920s.

On the morning of November 18, Emereuwa  arrived at Nwanyereuwa's house and approached Nwanyereuwa, since her husband Ojim, had already died. He told the widow to "count her goats, sheep and people." Since Nwanyereuwa understood this to mean, "How many of these things do you have so we can tax you based on them", she was angry. She replied by saying "Was your widowed mother counted?," meaning "that women don't pay tax in traditional Igbo society."{{ref|Aba}} The two exchanged angry words, and Nwanyeruwa went to the town square to discuss the incident with other women who happened to be holding a meeting to discuss the issue of taxing women. Believing they would be taxed, based on Nwanyeruwa's account, the Oloko women invited other women (by sending leaves of palm-oil trees) from other areas in the Bende District, as well as from [[Umuahia]] and [[Ngwa]]. They gathered nearly 10,000 women who protested at the office of Warrant Chief Okugo, demanding his resignation and calling for a trial.{{ref|Oriji}}

===The Oloko Trio===
The leaders of the protest in Oloko are known as the Oloko Trio: Ikonnia, Mwannedia and Nwugo. The three were known for their skills in speaking, their intelligence and their passion. When protests became tense, it was often these three who were able to deescalate the situation, preventing violence. However, after two women were killed while blocking colonial roads as a form of protest, the trio was not able to calm the situation there, the police and army were sent to the town.{{ref|Oriji}}

===The legacy of Nwanyeruwa===
Nwanyereuwa played a major role in keeping the protests non-violent. She was advanced in age compared to many who led the protests. Under her advice, the women protested in song and dance, "sitting" on the Warrant Chiefs until they surrendered their insignia of office and resigned. As the revolt spread, other groups followed this pattern, making the women's protest a peaceful one. Other groups came to Nwanyeruwa to get in writing the inspirational results of the protests, which, as Nwanyeruwa saw them, were that, "women will not pay tax till the world ends [and] Chiefs were not to exist any more."{{ref|Oriji}}

===Madam Mary Okezie===
Madam Mary Okezie (1906–1999) was the first woman from her Igbo clan to gain a Western education, and was teaching at the Anglican Mission School in Umuocham Aba in 1929 when the women's revolt broke out. Although she did not participate in the revolt, she was very sympathetic to the women's cause. She was the only woman who submitted a memo of grievance to the Aba Commission of Inquiry (sent in 1930). Today, the major primary source for studying the revolt is the Report of the Aba Commission of Inquiry. After the revolt, Madam Okezie emerged as founder and leader of the Ngwa Women's Association and working for the rest of her life to support women's rights in Nigeria.{{ref|Oriji}}

===Other major figures in the Women's War===
*Mary of Ogu Ndem (Mary of the Women's War)
*Ihejilemebi Ibe of Umuokirika Village
*Ahebi Ugabe of Enugu-Ezike: "The Female Leopard" who was appointed as a Native Court Member in 1930.

=="Sitting"==
A major tactic in the protests was what is known as "sitting". Along with singing and dancing around the houses and offices of the Warrant Chiefs, the women would follow their every move, invading their space and forcing the men to pay attention. The wives of the Warrant Chiefs were often disturbed and they too put pressure on the Warrants to listen to the demands of the women. This tactic of "sitting on the Warrants," i.e. following them everywhere and anywhere, was very popular with the women in Nigeria, and used to great effect.

==Aba commission of enquiry==
{{Empty section|date=November 2014}}

==Results==
As a result of the protests, the position of women in society was greatly improved. In some areas, women were able to replace the Warrant Chiefs. Women were also appointed to serve on the Native Courts. After the Women's war, women's movements were very strong in Ngwaland, many events in the 1930s, 40s and 50s were inspired by the Women's War, including the Tax Protests of 1938, the Oil Mill Protests of the 1940s in Owerri and Calabar Provinces and the Tax Revolt in Aba and Onitsha in 1956 {{ref|Oriji}}. On two occasions [[British Empire|British district officers]] were called and security forces forced to break up protests. During these occasions, at least 50 women were shot dead and 50 more wounded. The women themselves never seriously injured anybody against whom they were protesting, nor any of the security forces who broke up those protests. {{ref|Aborisade}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
# {{note|Aba}} [http://jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu/~plarson/syllabi/122/reading/igbo/igbo.htm Aba Commission of Inquiry. Notes of Evidence Taken by the Commission of Inquiry Appointed to Inquire into the Disturbances in the Calabar and Owerri Provinces, December, 1929] (Lagos, 1929), 24-30. 4th Witness, Nwanyeruwa (F.A.).
# {{note|Aborisade}} Aborisade, Oladimeji, Mundt, Robert J. Politics in Nigeria. Longhorn (2002) New York, [[United States]]
# {{note|Oriji}} Oriji, John N. (2000). Igbo Women From 1929-1960. West Africa Review: 2, 1.

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Afigbo |first=Adiele E. |title=The Warrant Chiefs: Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria, 1891–1929 |year=1972 |publisher=Humanity Press |isbn=978-0-391-00215-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Leith-Ross |first=Sylvia |title=African Women: A Study of the Ibo of Nigeria |year=1939 |publisher=Faber and Faber |location=London |isbn=}} Reprint, New York: Praeger, 1965. {{ASIN|B000JECCCQ}}.
*{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Susan M. |title=Palm Oil and Protest: An Economic History of the Ngwa Region, South-Eastern Nigeria, 1800–1980 |year=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-34376-3}}

==External links==
*Marissa K. Evans, [http://www.blackpast.org/?q=gah/aba-womens-riots-november-december-1929 Aba Women's Riots (November-December 1929)] at [[blackpast.org]]

{{Wikipedia|Aba Women&#39;s Riots}}

[[Category:Wars involving Igboland]]
[[Category:Interwar period]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1929]]
[[Category:African women in war|*]]
[[Category:Women in 20th-century warfare|*]]
[[Category:History of Nigeria]]
[[Category:1929 in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Feminist protests]]
[[Category:Feminism and history]]
[[Category:Women's rights in Nigeria]]
[[Category:1929 riots]]