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AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central
military command, control and coordination system
SAGE computer room
The AN/FSQ-7 included a Maintenance Intercom System (phone on end of cabinet).
Country United States
Command 1958-1968: Airdefensecommand-logoAir Defense Command
1968-1979: USAF - Aerospace Defense CommandAerospace Defense Command
State/
Installation/
Data center
AZ: Luke Air Force Base[1]
CA: Norton Air Force Base (DC-17)
ME: Topsham AFS (BaADS)
MT: Malmstrom Air Force Base (DC-20)
NJ: McGuire Air Force Base (DC-01)
NY: Hancock Field (Syracuse AFS) (DC-03)
NY: Stewart Air Force Base
WA: McChord Air Force Base
WI: Truax Field
Part of Semi-Automatic Ground Environment
Area 0.5 acres (0.2 ha) [citation needed] --floor space
Research
Design
Prime[4]
   contractor
USAF Cambridge Research Laboratory[2]
MIT Lincoln Laboratory[3]
IBM Military Products Division (renamed IBM Federal Systems in 1959)
[5]
Cost $10 billion (1954 dollars)[6]

The IBM AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central (colloq. "Q7") was a computerized command and control system for Cold War ground-controlled interception used in the USAF Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) air defense network.[3] The largest computer system ever built, each of the 24 installed machines[7]:9 weighed 250 tons and had two computers.[8] The AN/FSQ-7 used a total of 60,000 vacuum tubes[8] (49,000 in the computers)[7]:9 and up to 3 megawatts of electricity, performing about 75,000 instructions per second for networking regional radars. The AN/FSQ-7 calculated one or more[3] predicted interception points[4] for assigning manned aircraft or CIM-10 Bomarc missiles to intercept an intruder using the Automatic Target and Battery Evaluation (ATABE) algorithm.[9] Also used in the Nike AN/FSG-1 system, ATABE automated the "Whiz Wheel" (Felsenthal CPU-73 A/P Air Navigation Attack Computer)[10] method used in manual command post operations.[11]

IBM's $10 Billion Machine

Equipment at Computer History Museum

The Q7 fire button launched the Bomarc,[12] and an additional Q7 algorithm automatically directed the missile during climb and cruise to the beginning of "its supersonic dive on the target" when guidance transferred to "the missile seeker system" for the "homing dive".[4]:30–3 Later improvements allowed transmission of Q7 guidance to autopilots of manned fighters for vectoring to targets[13] via the SAGE Ground to Air Data Link Subsystem (cf. bomber vectoring to a Bomb Release Point in 1965-73 Vietnam via vacuum-tube analog computers.)

History[]

The first US radar network used voice reporting to the 1939 Twin Lights Station in New Jersey, and the post-WWII experimental Cape Cod System used a Whirlwind I computer at Cambridge to network long-range and several short-range radars. The key Whirlwind modification for radar netting was the development of magnetic core memory that vastly improved reliability, operating speed (×2), and input speed (×4) over the original Williams tube memory of the Whirlwind I.[citation needed] The AN/FSQ-7 was based on the larger and faster Whirlwind II design, which was not completed[3] and was too much for MIT's resources[citation needed] (Lincoln Laboratory Division 6 still participated in AN/FSQ-7 development).[14] Similar to the Q7, the smaller IBM AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central was produced without an Automatic Initiation Area Discriminator and other equipment.[15]:151 "The experimental SAGE subsector, located in Lexington, Mass., was completed in 1955…equipped with a prototype AN/FSQ-7…known as XD-1"[16] in Building F. The third evaluation run with the XD-1 was in August[14] and the prototype was complete in October 1955 except for displays.[17] By 1959, the 2000th simulated BOMARC intercept had been completed by the Q7, while the Cape Canaveral BOMARC 624-XY1's intercept of a target drone in August 1958 used the Kingston, New York, Q7[4]:57 "1500 miles away".[18] DC-1 at McGuire AFB was the first operational site of the AN/FSQ-7[3]:11:10 with consoles scheduled for delivery Aug-Oct 1956.[19] Groundbreaking at McChord Air Force Base was in 1957[20] where the "electronic brain" began arriving in November 1958.[21] The "SAGE/Missile Master test program" conducted large-scale field testing of the ATABE "mathematical model" using radar tracks of actual Strategic Air Command and Air Defense Command aircraft conducting mock penetrations into defense sectors[9] (cf. Operation Skyshield). The vacuum-tube SAGE network was completed (and obsolete) in 1963, and a system ergonomic test at Luke Air Force Base in 1964 "showed conclusively that the wrong timing of human and technical operations was leading to frequent truncation of the flight path tracking system" (Harold Sackman).[7]:9 Backup Interceptor Control Systems (BUIC) were used to replace the AN/FSQ-7s:[7]:10 two remained at SAGE sites until 1983[7]:9 including McChord AFB,[22] and the Q7 at Luke AFB was demolished in February 1984.[23] The SABRE airline reservation system used AN/FSQ-7 technology.[6] Q7 components were used in numerous films TV series and TV series needing futuristic looking computers, despite the fact they were built in the 1950s. Q7 components were used in The Time Tunnel, The Towering Inferno, Logan's Run, WarGames and Independence Day amongst many others.[24] The Computer History Museum displays several AN/FSQ-7 components.

Equipment[]

The Central Computer System of the AN/FSQ-7 had two computers for redundancy each with Arithmetic, Core Memory, Instruction Control, Maintenance Control, Selection & IO Control, and Program elements.[25] The Q7 had input/output devices such as:

  • IBM 723 card punch and IBM 713 punched card reader
  • IBM 718 line printer (64 print positions)
  • drum auxiliary memory (50 "fields" of 2048 words each) and IBM 728 magnetic tape drives (32-bit words)
  • Crosstelling Input (XTL) from other AN/FSQ sites[26]
  • Display and Warning Light System with dozens of consoles in various rooms having Situation Display Tubes, Digital Display Tubes, and controls (e.g., push buttons and light gun) including:
    • Duplex Maintenance Console (two), each DMC operated one of the Central Computer Systems[27] and allowed diagnostics (a speaker was available)[22]
    • Tracker Initiator Consoles for designating a "blip" (radar return) to be tracked ("assign a track number and to relay speed, direction, and altitude")[28]
    • Command Post Digital Display Desk[15]:149
    • Senior Director's keyed console with the Bomarc fire button[12]
    • LRI Monitor Console[26] for monitoring Long Range Radar data
    • Large Board Projection Equipment[29]

Punched card data was transferred to and from the core memory as binary images. Only the right 64 columns were transferred, with each row containing two 32-bit words. (The left columns could be punched using a special instruction.) Data was transferred to the line printer as a card image as well.[15]:125

Core Memory Element[]

The FSQ-7 and -8 used core memory with 32-bit words plus a parity bit, operating at a 6-microsecond cycle time. Both machines had two banks of memory, memory 1 and memory 2. On the FSQ 7 memory 1 had 65,536 words and memory 2 had 4096 words. On the FSQ-8, each bank had 4096 words.

For data storage, each word was divided into two halves, each half was a 15-bit number with a sign bit. Arithmetic operations were performed on both halves simultaneously. Each number was treated as a fraction between -1 and 1. "This restriction is placed on data primarily so that the multiplication of two numbers will always result in a product smaller than either of the numbers, thus positively avoiding overflow." Properly scaling calculations was the responsibility of the programmer.

Instructions used the right half word plus the left sign bit to form addresses, yielding a 17-bit address space. The remainder of the left half word specified the operation. The first three bits after the sign specified an index register. The following bits specified an instruction class, class variation and instruction-dependent auxiliary information. Addresses were written in octal notation, with the two sign bits forming a prefix, so 2.07777 would be the highest word in memory 2.

Arithmetic registers were provided for both halves of the data word and included an accumulator, an A register that held the data value retrieved from memory, and a B register that held the least significant bits of a multiplication, the magnitude of a division, as well as shifted bits. There was also a program counter, four index registers, and a 16-bit real time clock register which was incremented 32 times a second.[15]:27 Trigonometric sine and cosine functions used 1.4 degree precision (256 values) via look-up tables.[15]:67

Nuvola apps kaboodle External video
Nuvola apps kaboodle AN/FSQ-7 used for Bomarc launch
Nuvola apps kaboodle "In Your Defense" (Col. John Morton, narrator)

See also[]

  • List of vacuum tube computers

References[]

  1. Murphy, Michael F.. "AN/FSQ7 SAGE Computer: Luke AFB" (personal notes). Radomes.org. http://www.radomes.org/museum/equip/fsq-7.html. Retrieved 2012-04-02. "Luke center was unique in the fact that it was the programming center for all other sage sites. This only meant that our computers…had more core memory, 32K total" 
  2. "AN/FSQ-7 "Whirlwind II" & AN/FSP-8 Intercept Computer". Radomes.org. http://www.radomes.org/museum/equip/fsq-7.html. Retrieved 2012-04-02. 
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "In Your Defense" (digitized movie). Western Electric. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06drBN8nlWg&feature=channel. Retrieved 2012-04-03. "The System Development Corporation…in the design of massive computer programs … Burroughs…electronic equipment … Western Electric…assist the Air Force in coordinating and managing the entire effort…and design of buildings. …SAGE project office…Air Material Command"  NOTE: The film identies "Direction Center" vice "Data Center".minute 5:15
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 (Fact Sheet) The SAGE/BOMARC Air Defense Weapons System (Report). IBM Military Products Division. http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/sage/SAGE_BOMARC_Defense_System_1958.pdf. Retrieved 2012-04-02. "On August 7, 1958, the IBM/SAGE computer at Kingston [the IBM facility] undertook the first remote-controlled intercept of a drone target by a BOMARC missile. The BOMARC was fired from Cape Canaveral and the intercept was made at sea." :15
  5. IBM Archives: 1959
  6. 6.0 6.1 Plyojump - Computer History
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Hellige, Hans Dieter (Februar [sic] 1993). Actors, Visions and Developments in the History of Computer Communications (Report). "Work and Technology" Research Centre. http://www.artec.uni-bremen.de/team/hellige/HDH-artec-Paper20E.pdf. Retrieved 2012-04-02. 
  8. 8.0 8.1 Granelia, Mark. "IBM-SAGE-Computer". http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/IBM-SAGE-computer.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-02. 
  9. 9.0 9.1 A Survey and Summary of Mathematical and Simulation Models as Applied to Weapon System Evaluation (Report). Aeronautical Systems Division, USAF. December 1961. http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/4298/4/bab9742.0001.001.txt. Retrieved 2011-09-13. "Future experiments and/or tests: Data from the Phase II and Phase III NORAD SAGE/ Missile Master test program is to be used to validate the mathematical model. These are large-scale system tests employing SAC and ADC aircraft. The field test program is the responsibility of the NORAD Joint Test Force stationed at Stewart Air Force Base."  (cites Miller 1961)
  10. whiz wheel fron
  11. sources
  12. 12.0 12.1 DeWerth, John P. (personal notes). …Sage Memories (Report). SMECC.org. http://www.smecc.org/sage_a_n_fsq-7.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-03. 
  13. compiled by Johnson, Mildred W (31 December 1980) [February 1973 original by Cornett, Lloyd H. Jr]. A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946 - 1980. Peterson Air Force Base [verification needed]: Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center. http://www.usafpatches.com/pubs/handbookofadcorg.pdf. Retrieved 2012-03-26. 
  14. 14.0 14.1 Division 6 Staff (Memorandum). Biweekly Report for 27 May 1955 (Report). MIT Lincoln Laboratory. http://dome.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.3/45987/MC665_r14_6M-3674.pdf?sequence=1. 
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Theory of Programming for AN/FSQ-7 combat direction central and AN/FSQ-8 combat control central (Report). IBM Military Products Divistion. April 1, 1959. http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/sage/3-112-0_Theory_Of_Programming_Apr59.pdf. Retrieved 2012-04-02. 
  16. (Ed-Thelen.org transcription) Introduction to AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central and AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central (Report). Kingston, New York: International Business Machines Corporation. http://ed-thelen.org/SageIntro.html. Retrieved 2012-04-02. 
  17. http://dome.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.3/40545/MC665_r15_M-3864.pdf?sequence=1
  18. CBC Digital Archives
  19. Division 6 Staff (Memorandum). Biweekly Report for 4 May 1956 (Report). MIT Lincoln Laboratory. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:3mNn3wB7R_4J:dome.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.3/46014/MC665_r14_6M-4322.pdf?sequence%3D1+%22Long+Range+Radar+Subsystem%22&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgDNxrM4VTlmDPew8mNJHejXhmGb52McSi7lqarqWgAvXcobCZUIxjKOGm9Z18GuOkX-rxZnzjGMgkfcoGYeGtWghWZqjZz_ls_EYG5h8vmKYu-5Mrw-Tn41eqJ261Zy6MXEXov&sig=AHIEtbQohTFPqwbEfCNeXSW2awlPjPokIg. 
  20. Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) - United States Nuclear Forces
  21. "Electronic Brain Slated To Arrive" (Google News Archive). November 3, 1958. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fxsrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GIkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2577,369259&dq=mcchord+sage&hl=en. Retrieved 2012-04-02. 
  22. 22.0 22.1 SAGE A/N FSQ-7
  23. SAGE- Phoenix Air Defense Sector & 4629 Support Squadron
  24. Loewen, Mike (March 13, 2012). "The AN/FSQ-7 on TV and in the Movies". PSU.edu. http://ripsaw.cac.psu.edu/~mloewen/Q7/. Retrieved 2012-04-02. 
  25. (Preliminary Manual) Theory of Operation AN/FSQ-7(XD-1, XD-2) Combat Direction Central: Central Computer System (Report). Poughkeepsie, New York: International Business Machines Company. September 1955. http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/sage/22-00001_Central_Computer_System_Preliminary_Sep55.pdf. Retrieved 2012-04-02. "introduction of the air defense [software] program … from the Drum System when available and needed. … For more information on the subject of programming, refer to PH 45-00002." :57 (one of various SAGE documents at BitSavers.org)
  26. 26.0 26.1 http://dome.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.3/40519/MC665_r15_M-3851-7.pdf?sequence=1
  27. Karculias, Pete. "description of 1967-9 SAGE photographs". SAGE A/N FSQ-7 [webpage]. Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation. http://www.smecc.org/sage_a_n_fsq-7.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-02. 
  28. "Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)". MITRE corporation. http://www.mitre.org/about/photo_archives/sage_photo.html. 
  29. http://dome.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.3/40643/MC665_r16_M-4348.pdf?sequence=1
  • [specify]

Astrahan, Morton M.; Jacobs, John F. (1983). "History of the Design of the SAGE Computer - The AN/FSQ-7". IEEE. pp. 340–349. Digital object identifier:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10098. 

All or a portion of this article consists of text from Wikipedia, and is therefore Creative Commons Licensed under GFDL.
The original article can be found at AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central and the edit history here.
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