From left, clockwise: in 1492, Italian navigator Christopher Columbus arrives in America; the American Revolution; the French Revolution; the Atomic Bomb from World War II; an alternate source of light, the light bulb; for the first time, a human being sets foot on the moon in 1969 during the Apollo 11 moon mission; aeroplanes become the most-used way of transport though the skies; Napoleon Bonaparte, in the early 19th century, affects France and Europe with expansionism and modernization; Alexander Graham Bell's telephone; in 1348, the Black Death kills in just two years over 100 million people worldwide, and over half of Europe. (Background: An excerpt from the Gutenberg Bible, the first major book printed in the West using movable type, in the 1450s)
The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1, 1001 of the Julian calendar and ended on December 31, 2000 of the Gregorian calendar.[1] It was the second period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. It is distinct from the millennium known as the 1000s which began on January 1, 1000 and ended on December 31, 1999.
It encompassed the High and Late Middle Ages, the Mongol Empire, the Renaissance, the Baroque era, the early Modern Age, the age of Enlightenment, the age of colonialism, industrialization, the rise of nation states, and the 19th and 20th century with the impact of science, widespread education, and universal health care and vaccinations in many nations. The centuries of expanding large-scale warfare with high-tech weaponry (of the World Wars and nuclear bombs) were offset by growing peace movements, the United Nations, plus doctors and health workers crossing borders to treat injuries and disease, and the return of the Olympics as contest without combat.
Scientists prevailed in explaining intellectual freedom; humans took their first steps on the Moon during the 20th century; and new technology was developed by governments, industry, and academia across the world, with education shared by many international conferences and journals. The development of movable type, radio, television, and the internet spread information worldwide, within minutes, in audio, video, and print-image format to inform, educate and entertain billions of people by the end of the 20th century.
The Renaissance saw the beginning of the second migration of humans from Europe, Africa, and Asia to the Americas, beginning the ever-accelerating process of globalization. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, with home offices in multiple countries. International business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought.
The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium (from 310 million in 1000 to 600 million in 1700) and later increased tenfold over its last three centuries, exceeding six billion in 2000. Consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis.[2]
Calendar[]
The 2nd millennium was a period of time that ran from January 1, 1001, to December 31, 2000. It was the second period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era.[1] This period of 1000 years is distinguished from the other millennium known as the “1000s,” January 1, 1000 through December 31, 1999.
The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, and all countries that once used the Julian calendar had adopted the Gregorian calendar by the end of it. So the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar (or occasionally the proleptic Gregorian calendar).
Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31, 1999, or December 31, 2000.[3] The Associated Press reported that the third millennium began on January 1, 2001, but also reported that celebrations in the US were generally more subdued at the beginning of 2001, compared to the beginning of 2000.[4]
The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31, 1999 – January 1, 2000[5]—with few on the actual date a year later.
Civilizations[]
The civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme.
Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Oceania |
---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
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Events[]
The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme.
Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Oceania | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
11th century |
1043 Eze Nri Ìfikuánim becomes first king of Nri Kingdom |
1000 Cahokia (present-day Illinois, USA) becomes regional chiefdom of Mississippian culture |
1005 Treaty of Shanyuan signed |
1054 The East–West Schism divides the Christian church |
|
12th century |
1143 Almohad dynasty take control from the Almoravids[6] |
1100 Toltecs establish capital at Tula[8] |
1117 The magnetic compass is used at sea[7] |
1143 Establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal[9]
1169 Averoes translates Aristotle[7] |
|
Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Oceania | |
13th century |
1200 Kingdom of Mwenemutapa established in Zimbabwe[6] |
1200 Chichén Itzá abandoned[8] |
1215 Magna Carta[7] 1279 Establishment of the oldest bourders in Europe today, the Portuguese boundering[10] |
1200 Tahitians colonize Hawaii [8] | |
14th century |
1324 Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca[7] |
1315 Founding of Tenochtitlan[7] |
1350 Coffee was first brewed[7] |
1348 Black Plague[7] |
1300 Polynesian immigration to New Zealand[12] |
Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Oceania | |
15th century |
1400 capital of Sayfawa Dynasty moved to Borno |
1428 Aztecs conquer Atzcapotzalco, ally with Texcoco and Tlacopan, become the dominant state in Mexico[8] |
1407 Work begins on Forbidden City, Beijing[11] |
1413 The invention of modern linear perspective[7] 1498 Vasco da Gama discovers sea route to India[14] |
1400 Tongans build ceremonial centre at Muʻa[13] |
16th century |
1509 African slaves arrive in the Americas[7] |
1535 Europeans discover tobacco[7] |
1555 Rise of the Mughal Empire in South Asia; |
1517 The Ninety-Five Theses published[7] |
1550 Maoris of New Zealand build fortified enclosures[17] |
Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Oceania | |
17th century |
1600 Kingdom of Rwanda founded |
1607 Virginia colony founded[18] |
1610 Tea spreads to the world[7] |
1603 First performance of Hamlet[7] |
1600 Tu'i Konokupolu dynasty take power in Tonga[17] |
18th century |
1700 Maravi Empire tears apart |
1742 Native American revolt against Spanish in Peru[7] |
1751 Chinese occupy Tibet[19] |
1722 Bach composed the Well-Tempered Clavier[7] |
1795 Formation of the Kingdom of Hawaii |
Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Oceania | |
19th century |
1869 The Suez Canal opens[7] |
1821 Bolívar liberates Venezuela[7] |
1868 End of Japanese seclusion[7] |
1830 First steam railway[7] |
1840 Treaty of Waitangi signed[21] |
20th century |
1956 Suez Crisis[23] |
1903 First controlled, powered airplane flight[7] 1969 First Moon Landing |
1917 The Russian Revolution[7] |
1901 First transatlantic radio transmission[7] |
1915 Australians and New Zealanders serve in the Gallipoli Campaign |
Significant people[]
The people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme.
Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Oceania | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
11th century | Humai ibn Salamna Eze Nri Ìfikuánim Yahya ibn Ibrahim |
Eight Deer Jaguar Claw Leif Eriksson |
Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī Abu Ḥasan al-Haytham Omar Khayyám Khwaja Abdullah Ansari Al-Juwayni Atiśa Rajendra Chola I Shen Kuo |
Pope Gregory VII William the Conqueror Basil II Samuel El Cid |
|
12th century | Abd al-Mu'min Saladin Dunama I |
Manco Cápac | Genghis Khan Khublai Khan Abdul Qadir Gilani Muhammad al-Idrisi |
Frederick Barbarossa Dante Alighieri Richard I of England Henry II of England Hildegard of Bingen |
|
Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Oceania | |
13th century | Sundiata Keita Dunama Dabbalemi Mansa Uli |
Muhammad Rumi Moinuddin Chishti Shah Jalal |
Thomas Aquinas Leonardo Fibonacci Francis of Assisi Pope John XXII William Wallace |
Roy Mata[13] | |
14th century | Musa I of Mali
Muhammad Ture |
Acamapichtli | Ibn Taymiyyah Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani Yongle Emperor Madhava Timur Osman I |
Filippo Brunelleschi Marco Polo Leonardo Bruni Jan Hus Geoffrey Chaucer Guillaume de Machaut |
|
Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Oceania | |
15th century | Ilunga Tshibinda Sonni Ali Zara Yaqob |
Christopher Columbus Moctezuma I |
Muḥammad Khaldun Mehmed II The Great Muhammad Babur Hongxi Emperor Chaitanya Mahaprabhu |
Leonardo da Vinci Johannes Gutenberg Nicolaus Copernicus Niccolò Machiavelli Filippo Brunelleschi Joan of Arc Lorenzo de' Medici Giovanni Domenico Cassini Henry VII of England Isabella of Castile |
|
16th century | Idris Aloma Orompoto Ahmad al-Mansur |
Amerigo Vespucci Atahualpa Cuauhtémoc Hernán Cortés Francisco Pizzaro |
Humayun Akbar The Great Mohammad Salim Jahangir Shah Jahan Xu Guangqi |
Galileo Galilei William Shakespeare Martin Luther Michelangelo Elizabeth I of England Suleiman the Magnificent Manuel I of Portugal Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Miguel de Cervantes |
|
Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Oceania | |
17th century | Wegbaja Osei Tutu Okomfo Anokye |
Powhatan Pocahontas Squanto Roger Williams John Winthrop Anne Hutchinson Samuel de Champlain Juana Inés de la Cruz Peter Claver |
Kangxi Emperor Muhammad Alamgir Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Shah Jahan II Matsuo Basho |
Isaac Newton Johannes Kepler René Descartes Francesco Redi Marcello Malpighi Peter the Great Antonio Vivaldi Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Charles I of England and Scotland Pedro Calderón de la Barca |
|
18th century | Usman Dan Fodio Opoku Ware I Dossou Agadja |
George Washington Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson James Madison Alexander Hamilton Túpac Amaru II José Celestino Mutis Toussaint Louverture |
Tipu Sultan Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Qianlong Emperor Raja Ram Mohan Roy Siraj ud-Daulah |
Napoleon Alessandro Volta Adam Smith Cesare Beccaria Immanuel Kant Catherine the Great Gian Lorenzo Bernini Louis XVI of France Lazzaro Spallanzani Mozart Beethoven Sake Dean Mahomed Voltaire Marie Antoinette |
Kamehameha I |
Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Oceania | |
19th century | Moshoeshoe I Shaka Menelik II |
Thomas Edison Abraham Lincoln Simón Bolívar Francisco de Paula Santander George Washington Carver Susan B. Anthony Landell de Moura |
Ali bey Huseynzade Empress Dowager Cixi Mangal Pandey Swami Vivekananda Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar |
Charles Darwin Carl Friedrich Gauss Marie Curie Alfred Nobel Guglielmo Marconi Victoria Otto von Bismarck Karl Marx Giacomo Leopardi Florence Nightingale Bernhard Riemann |
Te Kooti |
20th century | Nelson Mandela Hassan al-Banna Sayyid Qutb Gamal Abdel Nasser Mo Ibrahim Desmond Tutu Haile Selassie |
Franklin D. Roosevelt Elvis Presley Bob Dylan Neil Armstrong John F. Kennedy Cesar Chavez Martin Luther King, Jr. Jonas Salk Ronald Reagan |
Mahatma Gandhi Mao Zedong Muhammad Ali Jinnah Hirohito Muhammad Iqbal Chiang Kai-shek Abul A'la Maududi Rabindranath Tagore Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq Jagadish Chandra Bose |
Albert Einstein Werner Karl Heisenberg Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Joseph Stalin Winston Churchill Enrico Fermi Max Planck Niels Bohr Vladimir Lenin Mikhail Gorbachev Pablo Picasso Yuri Gagarin The Beatles Alan Turing |
Donald Bradman Howard Florey Banjo Paterson Margaret Battye Douglas Mawson |
See also
- Lists of people by nationality
- Category:People by century
- Category:People by nationality and period
- Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper; Henry Gottlieb; Barbar Bowers; Brent Bowers (1998). 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium. Kodansha International. ISBN 1-56836-253-6.
Inventions, discoveries, introductions[]
Communication and Technology | Mathematics and Science | Manufacturing | Transportation and Space exploration |
Warfare |
---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Centuries and decades[]
11th century | 1000s[note 1] | 1010 | 1020 | 1030 | 1040 | 1050 | 1060 | 1070 | 1080 | 1090 |
12th century | 1100s | 1110 | 1120 | 1130 | 1140 | 1150 | 1160 | 1170 | 1180 | 1190 |
13th century | 1200s | 1210 | 1220 | 1230 | 1240 | 1250 | 1260 | 1270 | 1280 | 1290 |
14th century | 1300s | 1310 | 1320 | 1330 | 1340 | 1350 | 1360 | 1370 | 1380 | 1390 |
15th century | 1400s | 1410 | 1420 | 1430 | 1440 | 1450 | 1460 | 1470 | 1480 | 1490 |
16th century | 1500s | 1510 | 1520 | 1530 | 1540 | 1550 | 1560 | 1570 | 1580 | 1590 |
17th century | 1600s | 1610 | 1620 | 1630 | 1640 | 1650 | 1660 | 1670 | 1680 | 1690 |
18th century | 1700s | 1710 | 1720 | 1730 | 1740 | 1750 | 1760 | 1770 | 1780 | 1790 |
19th century | 1800s | 1810 | 1820 | 1830 | 1840 | 1850 | 1860 | 1870 | 1880 | 1890 |
20th century | 1900s | 1910 | 1920 | 1930 | 1940 | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 |
Notes[]
- ↑ 9 of the 10 years of the decade are in this millennium
References[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 United States Naval Observatory, "The 21st Century and the 3rd Millennium:When Did They Begin?" (Washington, DC, June 14, 2011).
- ↑ "The Sixth Extinction – The Most Recent Extinctions". Archived from the original on 2015-12-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20151218012125/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/lists/mostrecent.htm.
- ↑ Stephen Jay Gould, Questioning the Millennium: A Rationalist's Guide to a Precisely Arbitrary Countdown (New York: Harmony Books, 1999), ch 2.
- ↑ Associated Press, "Y2K It Wasn't, but It Was a Party", Los Angeles Times, January 1, 2001.
- ↑ "Millennium FAQs – Frequently Asked Questions". When does the Millennium start?. Greenwich2000.ltd.uk. 2008-08-12. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090112125450/http://wwp.millennium-dome.com/info/millennium-faq.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 "Africa AD 600–1500". World Timelines. The British Museum. 2005. http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/AD600-1500. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27 7.28 7.29 7.30 7.31 7.32 7.33 7.34 7.35 7.36 7.37 7.38 7.39 7.40 7.41 7.42 7.43 7.44 7.45 7.46 7.47 7.48 7.49 7.50 7.51 7.52 7.53 7.54 7.55 Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. http://www.tostepharmd.net/hissoc/top100events.html. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 "Americas AD 1000–1492". World Timelines. The British Museum. 2005. http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/americas/AD1000-1492. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
- ↑ nationsonline.org, klaus kästle -. "Portugal – Portuguese Republic – Country Profile – República Portuguesa – Travel and Tourism Portugal". http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/portugal.htm. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
- ↑ "| www.visitportugal.com". https://www.visitportugal.com/en/sobre-portugal/biportugal. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Asia AD 1200–1500". World Timelines. The British Museum. 2005. http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/asia/AD1200-1500. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
- ↑ Whitmore, Robbie. "Timeline of events in New Zealand history". New Zealand in History. http://www.history-nz.org/timeline.html. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "Oceania AD 1000–1520". World Timelines. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081121021322/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/oceania/AD1100-1520. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
- ↑ Society, National Geographic. "Da Gama Discovers a Sea Route to India". http://education.nationalgeographic.com/thisday/may20/da-gama-discovers-sea-route-india/. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
- ↑ "Cabral Discovers Brazil | History Today". http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/cabral-discovers-brazil. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "Africa AD 1500–1850". World Timelines. The British Museum. 2005. http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/AD1500-1850. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Oceania AD 1520–1770". World Timelines. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081121023853/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/oceania/AD1520-1770. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Americas 1492–1800". World Timelines. The British Museum. 2005. http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/americas/AD1492-1800. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Asia AD 1500–1800". World Timelines. The British Museum. 2005. http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/asia/AD1500-1800. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
- ↑ "European discovery of New Zealand". Encyclopedia of New Zealand
- ↑ Michael King (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-301867-1.
- ↑ Belich, James (1986). The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict. Oxford University Press. ISBN 1-86940-002-X.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Africa AD 1950–2000". World Timelines. The British Museum. 2005. http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/AD1950-2000. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
- ↑ "New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act". http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1987/0086/latest/DLM115116.html. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 Keeley, Larry (2007-02-16). "The Greatest Innovations of All Time". BusinessWeek. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081207082148/http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/feb2007/id20070216_377845.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.8 26.9 "The Big 100: the Science Channels 100 Greatest Discoveries". Discovery Communications, LLC. 2008. Archived from the original on 31 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081031221120/http://science.discovery.com/convergence/100discoveries/big100/big100.html. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
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