Military Wiki
Don't have an account?
Register
Military Wiki
Register
in: Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters, Articles using infobox military conflict, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia,
and 10 more

1971 Moroccan coup d'état attempt

Sign in to edit
1971 Moroccan coup d'état attempt
Template:Photomontage
Date10 July 1971
LocationRabat and Skhirat, Morocco[1]
Result

Coup d'état failed

  • Led to the Years of Lead
Belligerents

Flag of Morocco Rebel cadets from Ahermoumou military school

Supported by:
Flag of Libya (1969–1972) Libya (alleged)[1][2]

Flag of Morocco Kingdom of Morocco

Commanders and leaders
  • Morocco Gen. Khyari Bougrine Executed
  • Morocco Gen. Abderrahman Habibi Executed
  • Morocco Gen. Mustapha Amharech Executed
  • Morocco Col. Larbi Chelouati Executed
  • Morocco Col. Mohamed Fenniri Executed
  • Morocco Lt.-Col. Mohamed Bouberri Executed
  • Morocco Col. Ahmed Ammi Executed
  • Morocco Col. Lakbir Belabsir Executed
  • Morocco Maj. Brahim Manousi Executed
  • Morocco Hassan II
  • Morocco Maj.-Gen. Mohamed Bachir El Bouhali [fr] †
  • Morocco Gen. Mohammed Oufkir
  • Morocco Col. Ahmed Dlimi
  • Morocco Ahmed Laraki
  • Morocco Gen. Driss Ben Omar El Alami [fr]
  • Morocco Gen. Mohamed Gharbaoui †
  • Morocco Gen. Driss N'Michi†
  • Morocco Col. Bouazza Boulhimez†
  • Morocco Col. Hassan Hammou
Casualties and losses
  • 158 killed
  • 1,081 captured
  • 22 killed (20 soldiers, 2 policemen)
  • 73 injured (66 soldiers, 4 gendarmes, 2 policemen, and 1 royal guard)
  • 98 civilians killed
  • 59 civilians injured

The 1971 Moroccan coup attempt, also known as the Skhirat coup d'état (Arabic: محاولة انقلاب الصخيرات) was a failed attempt by rebel military leaders to overthrow King Hassan II of Morocco on 10 July 1971, on his forty-second birthday.[3][4] It was the first of two attempted coups during Hassan's rule.[5] It was organized by a rebel faction of the Royal Armed Forces led by Lieutenant-Colonel M'hamed Ababou and General Mohamed Medbouh.[6][7] The faction attacked the King's summer palace in Skhirat, the Radio-Maroc headquarters,[1] and offices of the Ministry of Interior in Rabat.[8] Hassan, his immediate family, and his aides escaped and hid in a bathroom near the palace's pool,[9][10] and the rebels were captured by members of the Royal Guard.[10]

Background[]

Lieutenant-Colonel M'hamed Ababou was the head of the Ahermoumou military school.[11][12] Ababou had been described as a Nasserist and previously expressed frustration over government corruption and abuse.[13][14] He had planned for the coup to take place on 14 May, the same day as a military parade.[8][14] Ababou had been planning to overthrow the King since 1968, and Medbouh was implicated in an assassination plot against the King in 1963.[15][16] His brother, Mohamed Ababou, also took part in the coup.[17] His involvement in planning the coup is unclear.[15] General Mohamed Medbouh was inspector general of the Moroccan Royal Guard,[18] he was the head of the Royal Military Cabinet.[18][13] Both Ababou and Medbouh were Riffians from the Gzenaya tribe.[3]

In April 1971,[5] Medbouh went to the United States to receive medical treatment after suffering from a mild heart attack.[13][19][20] He was asked by Hassan II to write a report on why Pan Am had abandoned plans to build an Intercontinental Hotel in Casablanca.[13][21] He had discovered that Pan Am had been asked by a businessman, Omar Benmessaoud, for "sizable commissions" in exchange for permission to build the hotel with Pakistan International Airlines.[22][19][23] Benmessaoud claimed to be close to the King,[22] and suggested that Pan Am should "also pay 600 million to the King" in addition to his "sizable commission".[21][22] Pan Am had informed the U.S. Secretary of State about the situation.[21][19] Medbouh's investigation led to him finding out about a phosphate trafficking ring involving dignitaries in the King's entourage.[21][3]

Four ministers were fired after Medbouh reported his findings to King Hassan.[19][13] Omar Benmessaoud was arrested after the coup attempt.[24] This angered Medbouh, who felt that it was not enough and that the ministers should have also been criminally charged.[13] Inspired by Gamal Abdel Nasser and the 1952 Egyptian coup,[13][25] Medbouh started to gather officials from the Royal Armed Forces to forcefully take over the government and rid the country of corruption after capturing the King.[5][23] Ababou and Medbouh convinced five of the Royal Armed Forces' fourteen generals to take part in the coup attempt, promising that they would later become part of a "revolutionary council" after the coup.[3][23]

Attack[]

Attack in Skhirat[]

On 10 July 1971, at 14:08 (GMT),[26][27] up to 1,400[lower-alpha 1] cadets from the Ahermoumou military training academy led by Ababou stormed the King's palace in Skhirat during his birthday reception and attacked the guests with automatic weapons and grenades.[3][29] Between 400[30] and 800[13] guests were present at Hassan's forty-second birthday party.[31][19] The cadets were told that the King was in danger and that they had to shoot and kill alleged insurgents in order to "save" him.[32][33][21] Ababou had reportedly told cadets that the King was being held captive by "subversives and trade unionists".[19] The soldiers had been allegedly drugged with amphetamines.[21][26] Captured cadets were found carrying Benzedrine on them.[21][12] According to eyewitnesses, the cadets were reportedly enraged after seeing the luxurious gathering.[32][34] Guests were told to lie down with their hands behind their backs, and cadets cursed at foreign diplomats that were pleading to them.[19][16][10]

Hassan, his immediate family, and his aides fled and escaped unharmed by hiding in the bathroom of a small pavilion next to the palace's pool.[10][35] Witnesses fled to the nearby beach.[36]

During the attack, Medbouh found the hiding spot and asked to negotiate with the King.[21] He had blamed Ababou for the attack and asked Hassan to come out.[19] Hassan refused to talk to Medbouh, and Medbouh later ordered a soldier to stand sentinel and not to let anyone leave or enter.[21]

When the firing died down, the King later re-emerged to find himself face to face with a rebel cadet, who apologized for not recognizing him.[25] The King ordered the cadet to bring three of his comrades and recited the first chapter of the Quran, al-Fatiha.[30][21] The cadets joined in and shouted, "Long live the King!"[13][25] The attack lasted an hour and a half.[36]

Mohamed Medbouh's death[]

There are conflicting reports on Mohamed Medbouh's death.[27][35] Hassan claimed that Medbouh was accidentally killed by his men during a fight between Medbouh and Dr. Fadel Benyaich over Benyaich's machine gun,[35][21][19] while General Mohamed Oufkir, then interior minister, claimed that Medbouh was killed by royalist troops at the Interior Ministry's offices in Rabat.[35]

It was also rumoured that M'hamed Ababou or his right-hand man, Harrouch Akka,[37] shot and killed Medbouh during a power struggle.[32] Medbouh had reportedly only wished for Hassan II to abdicate and have a regency council in power, whereas Ababou wanted to set up a republic led by the army.[18][23]

Attacks in Rabat[]

Detained rebel cadets after the RTM headquarter raids in Rabat

Detained rebel cadets outside of the Radio-Maroc headquarters

The Ministry of Interior, the headquarters of the Royal Armed Forces, and the Radio-Maroc headquarters were attacked by rebel soldiers led by Ababou at 17:45.[38][4] Ababou had ordered the rebels to come to Rabat after Medbouh's death.[19]

Seventy-five people were held hostage at Radio-Maroc,[4] including Egyptian singer Abdel Halim Hafez.[4][39] Ababou ordered Hafez to announce the military refused, Hafez refused, which angered Ababou.[4][40] Composer Abdessalam Amer volunteered to read a speech claiming that the King was dead, that the "people's army" had taken over, and that a republic was proclaimed.[40][41][4] During the attacks, Radio Tanger dismissed the claims and affirmed that the King was still alive and still in control.[19][42]

Ababou gave orders to rebels from the station, he had ordered the execution of everyone in the palace by asking that "dinner be served to everyone by 7 pm".[43][44]

News agencies were running Hassan's obituary,[19] while Libyan radio was rejoicing at the news of Hassan's death.[45][19] Egypt's state-run newspaper, Al-Ahram, was also celebrating Hassan's death,[25] which led to a diplomatic crisis between Morocco and the two countries.[19][25] When the rebel troops started attacking the headquarters of the Royal Armed Forces, M'hamed Ababou was killed in a shoot-out with loyalist troops led by Mohamed Bachir El Bouhali to detain Ababou.[13][11][19] After being shot in the neck, Ababou reportedly asked his right-hand man, Harrouch Akka, to finish him so he wouldn't be caught alive.[11][38] Loyalist troops later sealed off government buildings and patrolled Rabat's streets in tanks.[28]

Victims[]

Mohamed Bachir El Bouhali

Maj. Gen. Mohamed Bachir El Bouhali [fr] died in the coup attempt

The coup attempt led to 282 deaths, including 20 loyalist soldiers, 2 police officers, 160 rebel cadets, and 98 guests in Skhirat.[31][35][46] The victims killed include:

  • Ahmed Bahnini, former prime minister of Morocco;[47]
  • Fadel Benyaich, the King's personal doctor;[47]
  • Maj.-Gen. Mohamed Bachir El Bouhali [fr], major-general of the Royal Armed Forces;[47]
  • Henri Dubois-Roquebert [fr], doctor for the royal family, died while assisting the wounded;[48][19]
  • Marcel Dupret, Belgium's ambassador to Morocco;[49]
  • Omar Ghannam, director of the Moroccan Cinematographic Center [fr];
  • Charles Guetta [fr], businessman;[47]
  • Pierre Kremer, chef for the la Tour Hassan Palace hotel;[47]
  • Ahmed Wafik Maâzouzi, chargé de mission at the Royal Cabinet;[47]
  • Max Magnan, CEO of the Cosumar [fr];[47]
  • Abdelmalek Faraj, former Moroccan health minister, died while helping a wounded man;[50]

Aftermath[]

See also: 1972 Moroccan coup d'état attempt and Years of Lead (Morocco)
SkhiratFuneral2
Casket of a Moroccan soldier that died at Skhirat
SkhiratFuneral1
King Hassan II praying at the soldier's funeral

The coup attempt ended the same day, rebel cadets later surrendered to loyalists after both coup leaders were killed.[23] Among the rebels, 160 were killed in crossfire with loyalists, and 1,081 were captured.[31][51] The army closed the Port of Casablanca and surrounded the Libyan embassy for a day to prevent rebels from potentially escaping.[35][52] The next day, King Hassan attended the state funeral of 20 loyalist soldiers that died in the coup attempt.[10][35] King Hussein of Jordan was with Hassan during the funeral.[35]

Three days after the attack, on 13 July, ten high-ranking officers were executed at El-Menzel shooting range without trial for their involvement in the plot.[10][15][53] The executions were filmed and broadcast on television.[53] Some officers were shouting, "Long live the King, Glory to Hassan II!", during their execution.[10][21] Members of the Royal Armed Forces gathered to spit on the officers' dead bodies.[54]

King Hassan initially blamed the attack on trade unions and left-wing parties.[19] He dismissed the coup as "undeveloped in the worst sense of the term" and as "a Libyan-style coup, with everything that goes along with it, including childishness and imperfection".[52][55][28] He also pointed to foreign interference as 600 Moroccans had attempted to renew their passports in Cairo on the day of the attack.[28] He had suggested that Medbouh wished him "no personal harm", while calling him "schizoid and paranoid" and comparing him to Charles Manson.[16]

King Hassan led a reform of the Royal Armed Forces after the attack,[16] naming Mohamed Oufkir as Minister of Defense.[30][56]

Trial and fate of the rebels[]

SkhiratTrial

Cadets being tried in Kenitra

The rebels were tried at the Permanent Military Court of the Royal Armed Forces in Kenitra, the trial started on 31 January 1972.[57] The court was presided over by Judge Abdenbi Bouachrine, the prosecution was led by Lt.-Col. Ramdane Benayada.[58][59] The cadets were sentenced on 29 February 1972.[57] 1,008 cadets were acquitted.[57] 64 cadets received sentences ranging from 1 to 20 years imprisonment and fines ranging from 150 to 10,000 dirhams.[60][57]

Lt. Mohammed Raïss was sentenced to death for having murdered Capt. Boujemaâ Asli, Prince Moulay Abdallah's bodyguard, under the orders of M'hamed Ababou.[61][60] His sentence was later reduced to life in prison.[61][62] Raïss was freed in September 1992 by royal pardon.[56][63] Capt. Mohamed Chellat, Harrouch Akka, and Sgt. Ghani Achour were sentenced to life in prison.[60] Achour was freed in November 1992.[63] Col. Mohamed Ababou was sentenced to 20 years in prison.[60] Ahmed M'zireg was sentenced to 15 years in prison.[64] Ababou, Chellat, M'zireg, and Akka disappeared soon after a failed escape attempt with a group of prisoners, a death certificate was issued in 1976 for Ababou in Er-Rich, a town near Errachida.[65][11]

Many rebels were transferred from Kenitra Central Prison to the secret prison in Tazmamart, built between 1972 and 1973.[56][66]

See also[]

Further reading[]

External links[]

References[]

Notes[]

  1. ↑ Some sources say as many as 1,400 cadets[19] were involved, some others as low as 250.[28]

Citations[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Doublet, Pierre (2 March 2006). "Le complot de Skhirat" (in fr). L'Express. https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/le-complot-de-skhirat_482688.html. 
  2. ↑ Lamlili, Nadia. "Palais de Skhirat au Maroc : Hassan II, un roi miraculé" (in fr-FR). Jeune Afrique. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/255319/politique/palais-de-skhirat-au-maroc-hassan-ii-un-roi-miracule/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Braun, Frank H. (1978). "Morocco: Anatomy of a Palace Revolution That Failed". pp. 63–72. ISSN 0020-7438. https://www.jstor.org/stable/162625. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Ziraoui, Youssef; Sekkouri Alaoui, Mehdi; Mrabet, Ayla. "Skhirat, les minutes d'un anniversaire sanglant" (in fr). ISSN 2731-2062. https://telquel.ma/sommaire/skhirat-les-minutes-dun-anniversaire-sanglant?fbrefresh=3. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "LE ROLE D'OUFKIR". Le Nouvel Observateur. 1979-07-19. pp. 19–22. ISSN 0029-4713. http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/opinions/00016613.EDI0001/le-role-d-oufkir-ii.html. 
  6. ↑ Bouiss, Ousama. "Ce que Hassan II nous enseigne de la gestion de crise" (in fr). ISSN 2431-2134. http://theconversation.com/ce-que-hassan-ii-nous-enseigne-de-la-gestion-de-crise-151307. 
  7. ↑ Perrault, Gilles (1990). "Tuerie à Shkirat" (in fr). Notre ami, le roi. Paris: Gallimard. pp. 110–133. ISBN 2-07-071981-2. OCLC 26162887. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26162887. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 EL HASSOUNI, Abdelmohsin. "Il était une fois à Skhirat…" (in fr-FR). ISSN 1114-4807. https://aujourdhui.ma/focus/il-etait-une-fois-a-skhirat-32852. 
  9. ↑ "Palais de Skhirat au Maroc : Hassan II, un roi miraculé" (in fr-FR). ISSN 0021-6089. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/255319/politique/palais-de-skhirat-au-maroc-hassan-ii-un-roi-miracule/. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 CAU, Jean (1971-07-24). "La Tragedie Marocaine". Paris Match. pp. 14–30. ISSN 0031-2029. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Aouad, Lahcen (2009-05-22). "M'hamed Ababou : l'homme qui a voulu tuer Hassan II". pp. 54–61. ISSN 2731-2062. https://telquel.ma/sommaire/mhamed-ababou-lhomme-qui-a-voulu-tuer-hassan-ii. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Tingitanus (1972). "Au Maroc, l'histoire ne sonnera pas deux fois". pp. 280–290. ISSN 0014-0759. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24261959. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 Howe, Marvine (2005-06-02). "Military Coup Attempts". Morocco: The Islamist Awakening and Other Challenges. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–113. ISBN 978-0-19-534698-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=olBTEdJ0ncIC. Retrieved 22 July 2015. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "AU PROCES DE KÉNITRA UN DES PRINCIPAUX INCULPÉS ASSURE QU'IL A TENTÉ D'EMPÊCHER LE COUP D'ÉTAT DE SKHIRAT" (in fr). Le Monde. 1972-02-05. ISSN 0395-2037. https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1972/02/05/au-proces-de-kenitra-un-des-principaux-inculpes-assure-qu-il-a-tente-d-empecher-le-coup-d-etat-de-skhirat_3032823_1819218.html. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 El Azizi, Abdellatif (2011-11-04). "Skhirat, L’histoire du putsch revue et corrigée". http://www.actuel.ma/index.php?option=com_magazines&view=detail&id=781. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Gellner, Ernest; Micaud, Charles A. (1972). "The Coup of 10 July 1971". Arabs and Berbers: from tribe to nation in North Africa;. Lexington, Mass.: Heath. pp. 395– 430. ISBN 0-669-83865-9. OCLC 690638. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/690638. 
  17. ↑ Raiss, Mohammed (2002). De Skhirat à Tazmamart : retour du bout de l'enfer. Maroc: Afrique Orient. ISBN 9981-25-252-2. OCLC 53067769. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53067769. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Dalle, Ignace (2011-03-09). "Les deux coups d’État manqués" (in fr). Hassan II: Entre tradition et absolutisme. Paris: Fayard. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9782213637839. OCLC 717787482. https://www.worldcat.org/title/717787482. 
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 19.17 Hughes, Stephen O. (2001). "The Cutthroat at Skhirat". Morocco under King Hassan (1st ed.). Reading, U.K.: ITHACA Press. pp. 159–166. ISBN 9780863725524. https://archive.org/details/moroccounderking0000hugh. 
  20. ↑ Tobji, Mahjoub (2006). Les officiers de sa majesté : les dérives des généraux marocains, 1956-2006. Paris: Fayard. ISBN 2-213-63015-1. OCLC 71336816. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71336816. 
  21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 Doublet, Pierre (2 March 2006). "Le complot de Skhirat" (in fr). ISSN 0245-9949. http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/le-complot-de-skhirat_482688.html. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "«L’affaire» Benmessaoud" (in fr-FR). 2020-04-20. https://zamane.ma/laffaire-benmessaoud/. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Bachir El Bouhali, Mourad (2014) (in fr). Autopsie d'une trahison du putsch manqué de Skhirat. Othman Bouabid (2nd ed.). Casablanca: La Croisée des Chemins. ISBN 9954104259. OCLC 929615064. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/929615064. 
  24. ↑ "La lutte contre la corruption dans tout le royaume aurait donné lieu à de nombreuses arrestations" (in fr). Le Monde. 1971-11-05. ISSN 0395-2037. https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1971/11/05/la-lutte-contre-la-corruption-dans-tout-le-royaume-aurait-donne-lieu-a-de-nombreuses-arrestations_2451620_1819218.html. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Hassan II, King of Morocco (1993). La mémoire d'un roi : entretiens avec Eric Laurent. Éric Laurent. Paris: Plon. ISBN 2-259-02596-X. OCLC 28547610. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28547610. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Bertoin, Jacques. "Au Palais de Skhirat, l’horreur" (in fr-FR). ISSN 0021-6089. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/129461/archives-thematique/au-palais-de-skhirat-l-horreur/. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Abitbol, Michel (2009). "Années de plomb, années de complots" (in fr). Histoire du Maroc. Paris: Perrin. pp. 510–512. ISBN 2262023883. OCLC 458764170. https://www.worldcat.org/title/458764170. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 "On this day - 1971: Death for Moroccan rebel leaders". http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/13/newsid_2503000/2503093.stm. 
  29. ↑ El Bouhali, Mourad Bachir (2013). Autopsie d'une trahison : du putsch manqué de Skhirat. Othman Bouabid. Casablanca. ISBN 978-9954-1-0425-5. OCLC 868699221. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868699221. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Gregory, Joseph R. (July 24, 1999). "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the West". ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/24/world/hassan-ii-of-morocco-dies-at-70-a-monarch-oriented-to-the-west.html. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Wynn, Wilton (1971-07-26). "The World: Slaughter at the Summer Palace" (in en-US). Time. ISSN 0040-781X. https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,877021,00.html. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Sater, James N. (2009-11-30). Morocco: Challenges to Tradition and Modernity. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-86409-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=LQBdxI9ggE0C. Retrieved 22 July 2015. 
  33. ↑ Binebine, Aziz (2009). Tazmamort : récit. Paris: Denoël. ISBN 978-2-207-26058-6. OCLC 303029096. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/303029096. 
  34. ↑ Miller, Susan Gilson (2013-04-15). A History of Modern Morocco. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81070-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=peGyku_eREkC. Retrieved 22 July 2015. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 Hess, John L. (1971-07-13). "MOROCCO MUTINY STILL A MYSTERY" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/13/archives/morocco-mutiny-still-a-mystery-rebels-motive-unclear-but-failure.html. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Kerdoudi, Jawad. "Complot de Skhirat. Témoignage d’un rescapé" (in fr-FR). https://medias24.com/chronique/complot-de-skhirat-temoignage-dun-rescape/. 
  37. ↑ Monjib, Maâti (2012-12-04). "Ce qu’on sait du putsch de Skhirat" (in fr-FR). https://zamane.ma/ce-quon-sait-du-putsch-de-skhirat/. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Alves, Marcio Moreira (1973). "Review of L'Eglise des prisons". pp. 282–284. ISSN 0014-0759. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24263700. 
  39. ↑ Babas, Latifa. "Maroc : L’histoire rocambolesque d’Abdelhalim Hafez pendant le coup d’Etat de 1971" (in fr). https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/62352/maroc-l-histoire-rocambolesque-d-abdelhalim-hafez.html. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Al Bakli, Jaafar (2020-07-15). "Le coup de Skhirat, cinquante ans après. 2/2" (in fr-FR). https://www.madaniya.info/2020/07/15/le-coup-de-skhirat-cinquante-ans-apres-2-2/. 
  41. ↑ Damis, John (1972). "The Moroccan Political Scene". pp. 25–36. ISSN 0026-3141. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4324873. 
  42. ↑ Kadiri, Abdeslam. "Il était une fois Radio Tanger" (in fr). ISSN 2731-2062. https://telquel.ma/2014/07/04/radio-tanger-station-progressiste-marque-lhistoire-du-pays_141276?fbrefresh=8. 
  43. ↑ Castro-Villacanas, Javier (2019-08-04). "Juanita y Ascensión, las niñeras españolas que salvaron de la muerte al rey Mohamed VI" (in es). ISSN 2792-730X. https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20190804/juanita-ascension-espanolas-salvaron-muerte-mohamed-vi/418459068_0.html. 
  44. ↑ "Makhzen, mode d’emploi… Les confidences exclusives d’Abdelhak El Merini, porte-parole du Palais" (in fr-FR). ISSN 0021-6089. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1251790/politique/maroc-makhzen-mode-demploi-les-confidences-exclusives-dabdelhak-el-merini-porte-parole-du-palais/. 
  45. ↑ Hess, John L. (1971-07-29). "Hassan Lays Arab Strife To Failure of Leadership" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/29/archives/hassan-lays-arab-strife-to-failure-of-leadership.html. 
  46. ↑ The Americana Annual 1972: an encyclopedia of the events of 1971. Americana Corporation. 1972. ISBN 978-0-7172-0203-4. OCLC 785740429. http://archive.org/details/americanaannual1972rand. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 47.5 47.6 "La liste des victimes" (in fr). Le Monde. 1971-07-15. ISSN 0395-2037. https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1971/07/15/la-liste-des-victimes_2452940_1819218.html. 
  48. ↑ "Qui est Henri Dubois-Roquebert ?" (in fr-FR). 2003-11-20. ISSN 1114-4807. https://aujourdhui.ma/special/qui-est-henri-dubois-roquebert-93248. 
  49. ↑ Zaatit, Hassan (2021-07-12). "Plaque à la mémoire de Marcel Dupret : 3 questions à l'Ambassadeur de Belgique au Maroc" (in fr-FR). https://lnt.ma/plaque-a-la-memoire-de-marcel-dupret-3-questions-a-lambassadeur-de-belgique-au-maroc/. 
  50. ↑ "Docteur Abdelmalek Faraj : Une vocation et une passion" (in fr). 2012-04-09. ISSN 0851-9382. https://lematin.ma/journal/2012/Entretien-avec-Abdelatif-Alemcani-president-du-Cercle-Faraj-_En-memoire-d-Abdelmalek-Faraj-premier-ministre-de-la-Sante-publique-fondateur-de-la-Faculte-de-medecine-de-Rabat/165085.html. 
  51. ↑ "Tazmamart: official silence and impunity" (in en). 1992-11-01. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde29/007/1992/en/. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Morocco: The Cracked Facade" (in en-US). TIME. 1971-07-26. ISSN 0040-781X. http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,877020-1,00.html. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Hess, John L. (1971-07-14). "10 ARE EXECUTED BY ARMY IN RABAT" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/14/archives/10-are-executed-by-army-in-rabat-4-generals-among-officers-in.html. 
  54. ↑ "LES RESPONSABLES DE LA TUERIE DE SKHIRAT ONT ETE PASSES PAR LES ARMES". ISSN 0851-0229. https://www.maparchives.ma/fr/news/les-responsables-de-la-tuerie-de-skhirat-ont-ete-passes-par-les-armes. 
  55. ↑ "Execution follows coup attempt". 1971-07-12. ISSN 0746-6382. LCCN sn83005473. OCLC 10199885. https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=GOT19710712-01&dliv=userclipping&cliparea=1.7,61,3519,1704,1134&factor=4&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7CtxCO%7CtxTA--------0------. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Smith, Stephen (1999) (in fr). Oufkir: un destin marocain. Paris: Calmann-Lévy. ISBN 2-7021-2938-2. OCLC 42849861. https://calmann-levy.fr/livre/oufkir-un-destin-marocain-9782702129388. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 "Histoire : Les procès politique du temps de Hassan II" (in fr). ISSN 2731-2062. https://telquel.ma/2014/07/03/histoire-justice-selon-hassan-ii_141206?fbrefresh=4. 
  58. ↑ Roudan, Michel (1973). "Justice, pouvoir et politique au Maroc: des procès pour quoi faire!". L'Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord. IREMAM. pp. 253-286. Digital object identifier:10.34847/nkl.b82a574z. https://cinumed.mmsh.univ-aix.fr/idurl/1/65898. 
  59. ↑ Kravetz, Marc (1973-08-01). "Un procès pour humilier les vaincus et semer la crainte" (in fr). https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1973/08/KRAVETZ/31657. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 "L'attentat contre le roi du Maroc – un seul des accusés est condamné à mort". Le Soleil. p. 60. ISSN 0319-0730. https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2639062. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Raïss, Mohammed (2002). De Skhirat à Tazmamart : retour du bout de l'enfer. Casablanca: Afrique Orient. ISBN 9981-25-252-2. OCLC 53067769. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53067769. 
  62. ↑ Smith, Stephen. "Des vies de revenants" (in fr). ISSN 0335-1793. https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2000/10/05/des-vies-de-revenants_339598/. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Country reports on human rights practices. U.S. Dept. of State. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. 1992. p. 1057. http://archive.org/details/countryreportson1992unit. 
  64. ↑ "QUATRE MILITAIRES CONDAMNES APRÈS L'AFFAIRE DE SKHIRAT S'ÉVADENT – Trois sont repris" (in fr). Le Monde. 1975-07-19. ISSN 0395-2037. https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1975/07/19/quatre-militaires-condamnes-apres-l-affaire-de-skhirat-s-evadent-trois-sont-repris_3099870_1819218.html. 
  65. ↑ "Morocco: The "disappeared" in Morocco: case studies" (in en). 1993-03-31. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde29/004/1993/en/. 
  66. ↑ Marzouki, Ahmed (2000). Tazmamart: Cellule 10. Paris & Casablanca: Tarik. ISBN 2-84272-092-X. OCLC 46470245. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46470245. 
Coups d'état in Africa since 1960
1960s
1970s
  • Lesotho (1970)‡c
  • Libya (1970)
  • Uganda (1971)c
  • Morocco (1971)
  • Sudan (1971)c
  • Dahomey (1972)c
  • Ghana (1972)c
  • Morocco (1972)
  • Republic of the Congo (1972)
  • Rwanda (1973)c
  • Uganda (1974)
  • Niger (1974)c
  • Ethiopia (1974)c
  • Comoros (1975)c
  • Sudan (1975)
  • Libya (1975)
  • Nigeria (1975)c
  • Chad (1975)c
  • Comoros (1976)c
  • Sudan (1976)
  • Burundi (1976)c
  • Nigeria (1976)
  • Benin (1977)
  • Republic of the Congo (1977)c
  • Seychelles (1977)c
  • Sudan (1977)
  • Somalia (1978)
  • Comoros (1978)c
  • Ghana (1978)‡c
  • Mauritania (1978)c
  • Central African Republic (1979)c
  • Ghana (1979)c
  • Equatorial Guinea (1979)c
    • 1980s
    1990s
    2000s
    2010s
    2020s
  • c: successful coup
  • ‡ self-coup
  • no sign for attempted coup
    • All or a portion of this article consists of text from Wikipedia, and is therefore Creative Commons Licensed under GFDL.
    The original article can be found at 1971 Moroccan coup d'état attempt and the edit history here.
    Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.