Military Wiki
102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911
Memorial of coastal defence Uusikaupunki
Coastal Defense Memorial Uusikaupunki
Type Naval gun
Railway gun
Coastal artillery
Place of origin Russian Empire
Service history
Used by Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Bulgaria
Estonia
Finland
Peru
Wars World War I
Russian Civil War
Winter War
World War II
Production history
Designer Vickers
Designed 1908
Manufacturer Obukhov
Perm
Produced 1911
Specifications
Mass 2,850 kg (6,280 lb)
Length 6 m (19 ft 8 in)
Barrel length 5.2 m (17 ft 1 in) 60 caliber

Shell Fixed QF 101.6 x 790mm R
ammunition 30 kg (66 lb)
Shell weight 17.5 kg (39 lb)
Caliber 102 millimeters (4.0 in)
Action Semi-automatic
Breech Horizontal wedge breech
Elevation -10° to +30°
Traverse 360°
Rate of fire 12-15 rpm
Muzzle velocity 823 m/s (2,700 ft/s)
Effective firing range 16 km (9.9 mi) at +30°[1]

The 102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911 was a Russian naval gun developed in the years before World War I that armed a variety of warships of the Imperial Russian Navy during World War I. Pattern 1911 guns found a second life on river gunboats and armored trains during the Russian Civil War and as coastal artillery[2] during World War II. In 1941 it was estimated that 146 guns were in service. Of these, 49 were in the Baltic Fleet, 30 in the Black Sea Fleet, 30 in the Pacific Fleet, 18 in the Northern Fleet, 9 in the Caspian Flotilla and 6 in the Pinsk Flotilla.[3]

History[]

The requirement to re-equip destroyers of the Imperial Russian fleet with guns larger than the current 75 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1892 was raised by the chief of the Baltic Fleet Mine Division, Nikolai Ottowitsch von Essen, in January 1907.[4] The design for the new gun was completed with technical assistance from the British Vickers company at the Obukhov State plant in 1908 and testing was completed in August 1909.[4]

Construction[]

Pattern 1911 guns were produced at the Obukhov state plant and the Perm artillery factory between 1911 and 1921. In 1911 an order for 505 guns was placed of which 225 were delivered by January 1, 1917. Another 200 were expected to be produced during 1917 and 83 in 1918. In 1921 an order for 85 guns was placed at the Perm factory, but this was reduced to 48 guns.[3] The Pattern 1911 was constructed of an A tube, reinforced by three hoops which were put on while hot and screwed onto the breech. The Pattern 1911 had a high rate of fire 12-15 rpm (10 rpm practical) due to the use of Fixed QF ammunition and a semi-automatic, horizontal wedge breech mechanism. After ejecting each empty case the gun re-cocked itself and kept breech open for the next round. It also had the usual combination of hydraulic buffer and spring recuperator.[2] The original naval mounts were short and had low angles of elevation between -6° to +20°. Latter mounts were taller and had high angles of elevation between -10° to +30°.[1]

Naval Use[]

Pattern 1911 guns armed a variety of ships such as destroyers,[5] guard ships,[6] gunboats,[7] landing craft,[8] minelayers[9] and torpedo cruisers of the Imperial Russian Navy. After the 1917 October Revolution the successor states of Estonia,[10] Finland[11] and the Soviet Union all used this gun. Pattern 1911 guns were also used on World War I era destroyers bought by Bulgaria[12] and Peru.[13] Some Romanian cruise ships were lent to Russia in WWI, to be used as auxiliary cruisers, and equipped with 102 mm Obukhov guns. During Bolshevik Revolution most of those ships returned to Romania. In WWII, about 3 to 5 guns were used by Romanians as coastal artillery in Sulina & Sf.Gheorghe Black Sea sectors.

Ship classes which carried the Pattern 1911:

Ammunition[]

Ammunition was 101.6 x 790mm R[2] and of Fixed QF type. A complete round weighed between 24.5–30 kg (54–66 lb). The projectiles weighed between 15–17.5 kg (33–39 lb)[3]

The gun was able to fire:[1]

Photo Gallery[]

References[]

  • Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7. 
  • Černyšev, Aleksandr (2007). "Noviki" : lučšie ėsmincy Rossijskogo Imperatorskogo flota. "Jauza" [u.a.]. ISBN 9785699231645. OCLC 239634061. 

Notes[]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval weapons of World War One : guns, torpedoes, mines and ASW weapons of all nations : an illustrated directory. Seaforth Pub. ISBN 9781848321007. OCLC 751804655. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 "FINNISH ARMY 1918 - 1945: HEAVY COASTAL GUNS". http://www.jaegerplatoon.net/COASTAL_ARTILLERY2.htm. 
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 DiGiulian, Tony. "Russia / USSR 4"/60 (10.2 cm) Pattern 1913 - NavWeaps" (in en). http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNRussian_4-60_m1911.php. 
  4. 4.0 4.1 Černyšev, Aleksandr (2007). "Noviki" : lučšie ėsmincy Rossijskogo Imperatorskogo flota. "Jauza" [u.a.]. ISBN 9785699231645. OCLC 239634061. 
  5. "BESPOKOYNYY destroyers (1914) - Imperial Russian Navy (Russia)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/russia/ru_dd_bespokoyny.htm. 
  6. "Ураган <Uragan> (project 2, 1930 - 1933), Метель <Metel> (project 4, 1934 - 1935) and Молния <Molniya> (project 39, 1936 - 1938) guard ships - Soviet Navy (USSR)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/russia/ru_es_uragan.htm. 
  7. "Вогул <Vogul> river gunboats (1909) - Imperial Russian Navy / Soviet Navy (Russia / USSR)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/russia/ru_of_vogul.htm. 
  8. "Эльпидифор №410 <Elpidifor No410> multipurpose ships (landing ships, minesweepers and gunboats, 1918 - 1924, 1922 / 1941) - Imperial Russian Navy / Soviet Navy (Russia / USSR)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/russia/ru_ls_elpidifor.htm. 
  9. "Russia - Кубань <Kuban> class netlayers (1918)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/russia/ru_ms_kuban.htm. 
  10. "Wambola destroyer (1917/1919) - Estonian Navy (Estonia)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/estonia/es_dd_wambola.htm. 
  11. "Hämeenmaa gunboats (1918/1920) - Finnish Navy (Finland)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/finland/fi_of_hameenmaa.htm. 
  12. "ZHELEZNYAKOV destroyer (1925/1947) - Bulgarian Navy (Bulgaria)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/bulgaria/bu_dd_zheleznyakov.htm. 
  13. "Almirante Villar destroyer (1917/1933) - Peruvian Navy (Peru)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/peru/per_dd_almirante_villar.htm. 
  14. "Эмир Бухарский <Emir Bukharskiy> destroyers (1905 - 1906) - Imperial Russian Navy / Soviet Navy (Russia / USSR)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/russia/ru_dd_emir_bukharskiy.htm. 
  15. "Гавриил <Gavriil> destroyers (1916 - 1917) - Imperial Russian Navy / Soviet Navy (Russia / USSR)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/russia/ru_dd_gavriil.htm. 
  16. "Генерал Кондратенко <General Kondratenko> destroyers (1906) - Imperial Russian Navy / Soviet Navy (Russia / USSR)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/russia/ru_dd_general_kondratenko.htm. 
  17. "Карс <Kars> gunboats (1910) - Imperial Russian Navy / Soviet Navy (Russia / USSR)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/russia/ru_of_kars.htm. 
  18. "Казарский <Kazarskiy> torpedo cruisers (1890 - 1895) - Imperial Russian Navy / Soviet Navy (Russia / USSR)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/russia/ru_dd_kazarskiy.htm. 
  19. "Счастливый <Schastlivyy> destroyers (1915) - Imperial Russian Navy / Soviet Navy (Russia / USSR)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/russia/ru_dd_schastlivyy.htm. 
  20. "Украйна <Ukrayna> destroyers (1905 - 1907) - Imperial Russian Navy / Soviet Navy (Russia / USSR)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/russia/ru_dd_ukraina.htm. 
  21. "Всадник <Vsadnik> destroyers (1906 - 1907) - Imperial Russian Navy / Soviet Navy (Russia / USSR)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/russia/ru_dd_vsadnik.htm. 
  22. "ПСК-301 Жемчуг <PSK-301 Zhemchug> board guard ships (1936 - 1937) - Board Guard (USSR)". http://www.navypedia.org/ships/russia/ru_bg_brilliant.htm. 
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